tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5338703873390532062024-03-13T22:04:41.782-07:00Rabbi Norbert's Comments and EventsEvents page for Hollywood Temple Beth El and posts on Jewish topics for a contemporary audience by Rabbi Norbert WeinbergRabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.comBlogger266125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-41393204096677634252024-03-13T20:24:00.000-07:002024-03-13T20:24:51.580-07:00<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Thoughts on Down Under <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>March 7 2024<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">For video recording:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://youtu.be/aMgc4rCARtI?si=AsyL9vmESj7-EYcx">https://youtu.be/aMgc4rCARtI?si=AsyL9vmESj7-EYcx</a><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span> </span>3 weeks of quiet, away from the daily news. Ofra’s
brother & wife from Houston, Dror & Helene Zadok , took Ofra’s sister
& husband, Ilana & Yitshak Birger, to get them out of Israel for some
peace & quiet after the loss of their grandson in combat and us along with
them, to <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Australia & New Zealand. Sargeant Nadav Issachar Farhi.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm5CGH-KrXIrYCtIsrFyZZC0a9WyonPLLVdLcIzUu64xXQgkG3bfdEouoZ2jom88IhxjKDfvQMOr-k8GgYfbnIr_de99UXuXHodfg2RcTlT2oa6G0Eq2AIuzivcdj36VdkIXxm4W_Tr8Ya-huwdJw8pAGf3IW6jdGfnz0UtxmG8H4yxFn_anaxc-xBp0ii/s624/marathon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="304" data-original-width="624" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgm5CGH-KrXIrYCtIsrFyZZC0a9WyonPLLVdLcIzUu64xXQgkG3bfdEouoZ2jom88IhxjKDfvQMOr-k8GgYfbnIr_de99UXuXHodfg2RcTlT2oa6G0Eq2AIuzivcdj36VdkIXxm4W_Tr8Ya-huwdJw8pAGf3IW6jdGfnz0UtxmG8H4yxFn_anaxc-xBp0ii/w400-h195/marathon.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7KlhuECD7Elxu360ANLxSoz7vV92u1rRYJhTBrQgf9Vywi9Us2NPEeW08vBiLPq6x-ESEoljTRIkxSBUhjE5bT-UG1TL0d2JcTzJiII-OzB7QCzNwQZEFKu3BkWtVN33xvZq6iIqmJ3rx5AWSucADOzmrVzJABICa9zp-eVxeeNRs4725-Y2CDMlvKBcE/s624/Nadav%20on%20flag.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="548" data-original-width="624" height="351" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7KlhuECD7Elxu360ANLxSoz7vV92u1rRYJhTBrQgf9Vywi9Us2NPEeW08vBiLPq6x-ESEoljTRIkxSBUhjE5bT-UG1TL0d2JcTzJiII-OzB7QCzNwQZEFKu3BkWtVN33xvZq6iIqmJ3rx5AWSucADOzmrVzJABICa9zp-eVxeeNRs4725-Y2CDMlvKBcE/w400-h351/Nadav%20on%20flag.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">No sooner do I come back to LA, and in my email
box, a notice about a swastika drawn in front of the home of a Jewish resident ,
Leah Grossman, of West Hollywood.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Here’s the report by LA Times: ( Follow the link)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 30.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;">Jewish woman says camera caught neighbor drawing
swastika on her seltzer<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2024-03-05/woman-says-neighbor-drew-what-appeared-to-be-swastika-on-groceries"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2024-03-05/woman-says-neighbor-drew-what-appeared-to-be-swastika-on-groceries</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Bizarre, as he draws the swastika, is caught on
camera, and is then caught on camera denying he did it. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Equally disturbing is that the man in question
is a respected Methodist Minister, who had a position with the region as a
superintendent. The Church leadership apologized for his actions ( sent to the
Board of Rabbis)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="border-bottom: dotted windowtext 3.0pt; border: none; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted windowtext 3.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">***********<span style="background: white; color: black;">To my community,</span><span style="color: black;"><br />
<span style="background: white;">On behalf of the California-Pacific Annual
Conference of The United Methodist Church, I reaffirm our commitment to
antiracism, including antisemitism. I am praying for peace and healing to those
in our communities and beyond, who have been hurt by the recent actions of the
Rev. Mark Nakagawa. …As we do our work of the supervisory process, I
remind us all that acts of hate and racism should not be a part of our
response, particularly to Jewish communities and Japanese
communities. I pray for healing for all those impacted and call us to
live in life-giving support for one another.</span><br />
<span style="background: white;">We remain committed to stand with and be in
service to all our neighbors. Please pray with us for all who are in pain.</span><em><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Grace y paz,</span></em>Bishop
Dottie Escobedo-Frank,Resident Bishop of the Los Angeles Area<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Swastika is a weird one,
neither Nazi, facing right, nor Buddhist, facing left, but going in both
directions! It’s not some other symbol in Japanese, as I can tell.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6k0ycD-zUo9-o6nx3Zruu0L1-0vMvagRY_m656b1u3melkRRysyhTMxpTm58DDGooXRo_Osgscf4DvcRVn_Ytvhz-s_aN9L-YQzY1TlVMareWXJIUvAOJlXvP1HqqUeQZYv2oileGL8OhFc2IP7J02V4PyqUbiftvtoy0aD3y1WLLyrizSEIifteRczNy/s260/Wierd%20swastika.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="260" data-original-width="242" height="260" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6k0ycD-zUo9-o6nx3Zruu0L1-0vMvagRY_m656b1u3melkRRysyhTMxpTm58DDGooXRo_Osgscf4DvcRVn_Ytvhz-s_aN9L-YQzY1TlVMareWXJIUvAOJlXvP1HqqUeQZYv2oileGL8OhFc2IP7J02V4PyqUbiftvtoy0aD3y1WLLyrizSEIifteRczNy/s1600/Wierd%20swastika.png" width="242" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">We can assume that the minister,
who should have known better, was afflicted with some mental imbalance, as was
the US serviceman who self- immolated in protest of the Gaza War. Yes,
unbalanced people do unbalanced acts, but it is very balanced movers and
influencers who drive the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Useful Idiots.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Here is the bigger atrocity around
the corner:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.wfp.org/news/sudans-war-risks-creating-worlds-largest-hunger-crisis-warns-wfp-chief#:~:text=Over%2025%20million%20people%20across,interference%20by%20the%20warring%20parties"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">https://www.wfp.org/news/sudans-war-risks-creating-worlds-largest-hunger-crisis-warns-wfp-chief#:~:text=Over%2025%20million%20people%20across,interference%20by%20the%20warring%20parties</span></a><span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #031c2d; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“The
war in Sudan risks triggering the world’s largest hunger crisis,” warned the
Executive Director… today, the people of Sudan have been forgotten. Millions of
lives and the peace and stability of an entire region are at stake.”Over 25
million people </span><a href="https://www.wfp.org/stories/sudans-war-rages-fallout-spreads-nearby-countries"><b><span style="color: #0b75c1; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">across
Sudan, South Sudan, and Chad are trapped</span></b></a><strong><span style="color: #031c2d; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></strong><span style="color: #031c2d; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">in
a spiral of deteriorating food security. …<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Will anyone be self-immolating when
the world’s largest planned mass starvation begins?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Will there be marchers blocking the 101 in
protest?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #031c2d; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">More about useful idiots later.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">So, our trip starts in Sydney,
Australia.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Friday night, we had a delightful
Shabbat dinner at a local Chabad in Paddington, with Rabbi Danny Yaffe and his
Rebbetzin, Sara Tova. 26 visitors all crammed into a small living room, but
with plenty of good food and good spirits—and all of us still reeling from Oct
7. One was a survivor of the Nova Festival, who had just been away when the
attack took place, one from England, a professor of Medicine, who reported on
what Jews in England were feeling.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">On Shabbat Morning, Dror &
Helene, got to the main synagogue for services and a delightful Kiddush lunch.
They could get it because they read the instructions for visitors, which
requires a valid passport loaded on to the synagogue’s website in advance. It’s
ironic that we could get into a synagogue in Muslim Morocco on Shabbat, without
such security clearance<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZxrQyv6nyJEn5ut8RQHKg_YYmQilY17e-j2uVlp5yrboCi9j6WcW_xZFtVqnmiW0ahjzUYFUFlc80dcdw9YygGSiJgRyJ6GucFXPcuoWxxqp31A-xERvDkGYgNrgkY9AK9sIM4oo50EdeUy5mFneOl3FlGTElJy5LlEf35tkddmJI-FfzRG99SYEGxmra/s1600/61B9B46F-5523-4B42-83F3-EC330BB9B977.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1200" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZxrQyv6nyJEn5ut8RQHKg_YYmQilY17e-j2uVlp5yrboCi9j6WcW_xZFtVqnmiW0ahjzUYFUFlc80dcdw9YygGSiJgRyJ6GucFXPcuoWxxqp31A-xERvDkGYgNrgkY9AK9sIM4oo50EdeUy5mFneOl3FlGTElJy5LlEf35tkddmJI-FfzRG99SYEGxmra/w300-h400/61B9B46F-5523-4B42-83F3-EC330BB9B977.JPG" width="300" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">As you can tell, not really
packed. Most of Sydney’s Jews live elsewhere near Bondi Beach.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This is something you can’t miss
seeing in Sydney:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWWnYXZw5J498_MohJ7T8sVtKX-W0qf2vVxmFC5XxsjREM1SwjGZ7ioPi5-mKYepi-NWlSAqxKic5UhDXnoLTkRxaAG9Kp_w3QSGSGGl3g6nEGCvEtVQW5JafSuYUuXCy0Oy3GrU_m6YsFxRcAGqBHWLPUHeNJjmGLi8uyMBVNQiGIbpMuQ2LuMgKw4nGH/s4032/D0B3D818-827E-40FC-B41B-32988860B4B3.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWWnYXZw5J498_MohJ7T8sVtKX-W0qf2vVxmFC5XxsjREM1SwjGZ7ioPi5-mKYepi-NWlSAqxKic5UhDXnoLTkRxaAG9Kp_w3QSGSGGl3g6nEGCvEtVQW5JafSuYUuXCy0Oy3GrU_m6YsFxRcAGqBHWLPUHeNJjmGLi8uyMBVNQiGIbpMuQ2LuMgKw4nGH/w300-h400/D0B3D818-827E-40FC-B41B-32988860B4B3.JPG" width="300" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">It is the Sydney Tower, towering
above the Westfield Mall and the name, Westfield, in huge letters at the top.
Just about every mall in the US today is operated by Westfield, a company
created by two Holocaust survivors, Frank Lowy and John Saunders( Schwartz). It
is a reminder, that when you have gone through the worst that humanity can
imagine, survive it, and have nothing to start with, then you have the drive
and inner strength to achieve just about anything, as our own Joe Alexander can
affirm!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">From Sydney , we hopped on to a
cruise ship and made our way down south. The first Friday evening, the cruise
line, Princess, set up a room for Shabbat service, and a third of the crowd
were a group of Israelis who had survived the October 7 massacre and were now
getting out for some fresh air. Their group leader led us in a tribute to those
who were no longer alive, our sister in law<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>read a poem about her grand-son, and I <b>was volunteered</b> to
lead<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shabbat service for Anglo Jews who
spoke no Hebrew and Israeli secular Jews, who almost never set foot in a
synagogue.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">We headed on to Melbourne.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #26282a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Melbourne has a larger Jewish community, and
here I was able to meet my long-lost grand-daughter to my mother’s cousin. She,
Tony Platus, her brother and her father, and their cousins, are the closest
living relatives on my mother’s side, family that I had made contact with only
after my mother had died. The entire clan is in Australia! How they found me is
a long story and I will retell it some day in the future.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I am not giving a travelogue- suffice it to
say, we continued to Hobart to visit Kangaroos and Tasmanian devils, on to New
Zealand fiords, and some of the coldest summer weather, beating a San Francisco
summer. On, around to Dunedin, Wellington and Taurunga for the geysers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Clearly, no visit is complete without visiting
the Maoris. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Australia Aboriginal – 3% of Australia<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Native Americans-2%<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">But Maoris-17%. This gives them a great amount
of political clout, something that Aboriginals and Native Americans lack.
Furthermore, there is a great deal of intermarriage, almost half of Maoris
reporting European or other ethnic heritage as well. Maoris were also quick to
pick up key elements of Euro culture, and now, there is a reverse process. There
is a prevalence of use of Maori names and even common phrases , and Maori
language is an official language, alongside English. I found this same
self-identification in Morocco, there, with the Berber, or Amazigh, indigenous
peoples, and with it, with ‘ indigenous” Jews who settled that region over 2000
years ago, long before the Arab conquest.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This brings me to the topic of “ Indigenous”.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Aboriginals of Australia are the record
holders, having arrived from eastern Asia about 65=70,000 years ago. Native
Americans came here from north east Asia perhaps 14,000 to 30,000 years ago. In
that sense, the Maoris are Johny-come lately. Arriving in New Zealand from
other Polynesian islands, by their own accounts, around the 1300’s, beating the
Europeans by some 500 years, not much more.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This now brings me to the topic of indigenous,
and why only Jews are not allowed to identify as indigenous, despite a
continued Jewish presence, and continued attempts at return, going back longer
than the Arab conquest, longer than the Roman conquest, back to the early
Israelite tribes over 3000 years. But we are also a diaspora, and hence in a
precarious position always.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Here is an indirect Maori tie-in:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="background: #FAFAFA; border: solid #E4E4E7 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E4E4E7 .25pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<h1 style="background: #FAFAFA; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #E4E4E7 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Greeks
and Jews: Two Diaspora Peoples<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="mt-6" style="background: #FAFAFA; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #E4E4E7 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The histories of these two
groups reveals the sinister implications of an ideology that holds that some
people are more “natural” to a place than others.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="mt-6" style="background: #FAFAFA; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #E4E4E7 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="mt-6" style="background: #FAFAFA; border: none; mso-border-alt: solid #E4E4E7 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I assume, from the author’s name, that she is
Greek indigenous.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FAFAFA;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FAFAFA;"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://quillette.com/author/katie-kelaidis/"><b><span style="border: solid #E4E4E7 1.0pt; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-border-alt: solid #E4E4E7 .25pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; padding: 0in;">Katherine Kelaidis</span></b></a></span><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://quillette.com/2024/03/01/not-being-indigenous-doesnt-mean-you-dont-belong/"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">https://quillette.com/2024/03/01/not-being-indigenous-doesnt-mean-you-dont-belong/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div style="background: #FAFAFA; border: solid #E4E4E7 1.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; mso-border-alt: solid #E4E4E7 .25pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 0in 0in;">
<p style="background: #FAFAFA; border: none; margin-bottom: 16.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 16.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E4E4E7 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">While many groups considered indigenous have lived
within the same territory for thousands of years, others have not. Likewise,
many ethnic groups that are not considered indigenous have lived in their
ancestral regions for millennia. For example, the Māori did not arrive in New
Zealand until around 1200 CE, which is roughly the time of the Fourth Crusade.
By contrast, the Parsis, usually considered a Persian diaspora group, arrived
in India before 800 CE. The Diné (Navajo) people arrived in the American Southwest
around 1400 CE, around the same time as the Byzantine Empire fell to the
Ottomans. Meanwhile, the Han Chinese can trace their ancestry to populations
who arrived in the Guanzhong and Yellow River basins around 4,500 BCE.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: #FAFAFA; border: none; margin-bottom: 16.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 16.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E4E4E7 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">No human population has been </span><em><span style="border: solid #E4E4E7 1.0pt; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-border-alt: solid #E4E4E7 .25pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; padding: 0in;">anywhere</span></em><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> forever. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: #FAFAFA; border: none; margin-bottom: 16.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 16.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E4E4E7 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">One of the hallmarks of the history of diaspora people
is their often-outsized influence. It would be difficult to think of two
cultural traditions that have contributed more to our global culture than those
of the Greeks and the Jews. …<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: #FAFAFA; border: none; margin-bottom: 16.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 16.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid #E4E4E7 .25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The other hallmark of diaspora histories is
persecution. As visible minorities who resist complete assimilation, diaspora
people have always been easy targets. They are society’s resident outsiders. It
is no surprise that it was the Jews and Romani who died in the greatest numbers
during the Holocaust and who continue to be subject to violence and
discrimination today. There is evidence to suggest that </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.meforum.org/3434/armenian-genocide-hitler?ref=quillette.com"><span style="border: solid #E4E4E7 1.0pt; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-border-alt: solid #E4E4E7 .25pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; padding: 0in;">Hitler took inspiration from
the Armenian Genocide</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">, during which the nascent modern Turkish state
persecuted Armenians, as well as Pontic Greeks, Christians, and non-Turkish
Muslim minorities. The treatment of Greeks in Turkey, Northern Cyprus, and
Egypt also follows this pattern.<br />
<br />
In some regions, the presence of a Greek, Jewish, or Armenian community
predates the arrival of the majority population. But because these peoples have
a history marked by diaspora, they are not regarded as indigenous. In fact,
they are often accused of practicing “colonialism” in places they have called
home for longer than many people identified as “indigenous” have lived in their
homelands. For example, Greeks arrived in Egypt in significant numbers with the
armies of Alexander the Great around 332 BCE, while Arabs did not arrive in
Egypt until the Middle Ages. But that did not stop Arab nationalists of the
1950s from marking them out as “foreigners,” a stigmatization that eventually
led to the expulsion of that ancient community. Egyptian Jews and Armenians
were similarly targeted and expelled.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">To be frank, the world is Had Gadya-the British
occupied Moghul India; the Muslims occupied Hindu India; the Indo-European
language Indians themselves may have been the result of a gradual occupation of
the earlier people of the Indus Valley. The prophet Amos may have been one of
the first to recognize that no one is indigenous—the Philistines from Caphtor (
Crete) or the Arameans from Kir ( across the Euphrates).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Now, I turn my thoughts to the anti-Zionist and
often anti-semitic protests, around the world, and what we saw in Australia and
New Zealand:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I found this notice from the Guardian about
anti-Semitic chants at a pro- Israel rally. The blood was still wet on the
ground in Israel when this happened:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/oct/10/pro-palestine-rally-sydney-opera-house-protest-australia-leaders-condemn-anti-jewish-chants"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2023/oct/10/pro-palestine-rally-sydney-opera-house-protest-australia-leaders-condemn-anti-jewish-chants</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Just 2 days after Oct 7
massacre! ..<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="background: white; color: #121212; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Australia’s prime minister, Anthony Albanese and the foreign
affairs minister, </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/penny-wong"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; padding: 0in;">Penny Wong</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #121212; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">, have condemned pro-Palestine protesters who were filmed
chanting anti-Jewish sentiments in Sydney….</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="background: white; color: #121212; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Chants heard at the rally included “f*ck the Jews” and “f*ck Israel”.
On Monday evening, pro-Palestine protesters marched from </span><a href="https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/sydney"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; padding: 0in;">Sydney</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #121212; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Town Hall to the Sydney Opera House, which was lit up
in white and blue in solidarity with Israel. Parliament House in Canberra was
also lit up in the colours of Israel’s flag.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #121212; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">So, we too saw
some of this in Sydney, probably a crowd of about 1000, maybe 2000 at most, or
so marchers, going up and down the main fashion street.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKVnheIiY09i7N27qWKvz8RFppUo96Co5FSgp2Kqgp2JbDvQFxRu6vIoPOuYnDD5c_cF0_09CZrPTsUemAVCpQ1dPD6aVf-yTWsYihPp2AmMYzO_wtlTZCIx0H0K9-_IMvlfEsSHktAgOm9528kOq2lP2Ma7xpYD2iPe6DUli3R9ui8Hv3wSXbsApT_PIb/s4032/BF1E2297-9085-41E3-BEBD-C4536A603267%20-%20Copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKVnheIiY09i7N27qWKvz8RFppUo96Co5FSgp2Kqgp2JbDvQFxRu6vIoPOuYnDD5c_cF0_09CZrPTsUemAVCpQ1dPD6aVf-yTWsYihPp2AmMYzO_wtlTZCIx0H0K9-_IMvlfEsSHktAgOm9528kOq2lP2Ma7xpYD2iPe6DUli3R9ui8Hv3wSXbsApT_PIb/w300-h400/BF1E2297-9085-41E3-BEBD-C4536A603267%20-%20Copy.JPG" width="300" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #121212; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I see one person
with a flag of Palestine, then Aboriginal, then Turkish. Ironic mix, as the
Turks, central Asian invaders, overran the indigenous Greeks of Anatalia and
just a century ago, massacred the Armenian natives and have been fighting the
indigenous Kurds, denying them a nation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZn2PkE4VgWyudmk1jUl7_zgDzQ4i-JrIl7MPRL_9TMez_iXyEbEUMoi3eLtfms7UyVyYQYQ2yW1AWlbrJwZhNVlN_dNIbVS6iFHVBD4Uy2F8KQgW9gQjQAkHMnelkndsGZvR36vMlXCC1Lup1JK8cH-wNSZaalZ1Xs-m7YtDz0nB7x8uuuUp1OPwbKscv/s4032/6C1675F5-A505-486C-9C6A-1D5694EDBE5D%20-%20Copy.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZn2PkE4VgWyudmk1jUl7_zgDzQ4i-JrIl7MPRL_9TMez_iXyEbEUMoi3eLtfms7UyVyYQYQ2yW1AWlbrJwZhNVlN_dNIbVS6iFHVBD4Uy2F8KQgW9gQjQAkHMnelkndsGZvR36vMlXCC1Lup1JK8cH-wNSZaalZ1Xs-m7YtDz0nB7x8uuuUp1OPwbKscv/w300-h400/6C1675F5-A505-486C-9C6A-1D5694EDBE5D%20-%20Copy.JPG" width="300" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<br /><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I spied one carrying a sign: Australia for the
Aborigines. Since the bearer of the sign was<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>clearly “ white bread” or commonly here, a “honky”, I wondered if she
intended to force all the 30 million European and Asians to repatriate en mass.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I saw a similar protest near the old Post
Office building of Auckland. Only a few hundred, but this one much more
gruesome and gory:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCWp88qEMfWw5rfOx1-u8hNhHv7hINg24_XwDtXhNrwf8fCbebqTJV6F8uPyqhgDb9BvWNKh-7nfqY_FAAE7F9xxykDqTIr9WFxzs95WYyJEaXsgqQ4YW_sZgUR0IoA70A6NJug7j79ADdqwIiuNHrYacZvaQG7yj5fZaueHYc68i0LclrSND08gMZcckF/s4032/76FAF3EE-67F4-4198-A15B-641FFD0A6E9B.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="4032" data-original-width="3024" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCWp88qEMfWw5rfOx1-u8hNhHv7hINg24_XwDtXhNrwf8fCbebqTJV6F8uPyqhgDb9BvWNKh-7nfqY_FAAE7F9xxykDqTIr9WFxzs95WYyJEaXsgqQ4YW_sZgUR0IoA70A6NJug7j79ADdqwIiuNHrYacZvaQG7yj5fZaueHYc68i0LclrSND08gMZcckF/w300-h400/76FAF3EE-67F4-4198-A15B-641FFD0A6E9B.JPG" width="300" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I listen to the speakers rattle off the number
of those killed by Israeli forces. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So I
hear a number of 400 children killed just in the West Bank in this period . Yet,
when I go online to Palestinians sources, I find it much smaller, by a factor
of ten. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This is the playing of number tricks that we
have to deal with constantly. ( for the mathematicians among you, here is a
statistical analysis of the numbers<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-gaza-health-ministry-fakes-casualty-numbers"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/news/articles/how-gaza-health-ministry-fakes-casualty-numbers</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> )<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Then, another speaker openly states that it was
the Israel Defense Forces that killed , burned, raped and pillaged all of these
kibbutzim and villages along the border. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">We have all of these verified video recordings
made by Hamas terrorists themselves, the testimonies of the actual hostages,
yet there is no lie too big for our speakers at these rallies.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">So, to finish with a feeling of support, I have
this Maori Haka dance answer to the Palestinian protestors:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://youtu.be/4uxPvrgoo1o?si=VM6HegYL7aSSiixh"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">https://youtu.be/4uxPvrgoo1o?si=VM6HegYL7aSSiixh</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">and a pro -Jew rally in Sydney ( which began
just as we had to leave to board the ship):<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="background: white; margin-bottom: 2.25pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 37.5pt; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">‘Never again’ pledges
as Jews and Christians rally together<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span class="posted-on"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Posted on </span></span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://theothercheek.com.au/never-again-pledges-as-jews-and-christians-rally-together/" title="10:09 am"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">19/02/2024</span></a></span><span class="byline"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> by </span></span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://theothercheek.com.au/author/johnsandeman/" title="View all posts by John Sandeman"><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">John
Sandeman</span></a></span><span style="color: #999999; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://theothercheek.com.au/never-again-pledges-as-jews-and-christians-rally-together/"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">https://theothercheek.com.au/never-again-pledges-as-jews-and-christians-rally-together/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">A rally in
solidarity with Australia’s Jewish Community, opposing anti-semitic activity,
drew a crowd of about 10,000 to Sydney’s Domain on Sunday February 18,
featuring speakers Scott Morrison, Warren Mundine and a message from Sydney’s
Anglican Archbishop, Kanishka Raffel….<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Former Prime Minister Scott Morrison focused on the October 7
terrorist attack by Hamas, as the reason to stand with the Jewish community. “<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br />
“We say never again in relation to October 7th, because on October seven the
free world failed in its promise that there would be a never again. We said
there would be never again after the Holocaust. But in one single day, an
atrocity was committed on the people of Israel and at a level that we had not
seen since the Holocaust.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYVUYLFFwEpSE9al7Ze9Yh08Yr2bjyaHZ2OBvHaTuJybl-qSS1f73med0lxwTTdgnTDZWJiZ1HjYFNZCPTHXmulCzImXk65nEIwIBmxteW0AqxiWAIKwa37Z2-_TF1lOLfh9iYvYmW76cfEvbC9H8KfiWzLLPbPK6e5iM_WXHF9x7fxX2y1Oty0k44agnb/s1060/Jewish-rally-river-to-the-sea.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1060" data-original-width="884" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhYVUYLFFwEpSE9al7Ze9Yh08Yr2bjyaHZ2OBvHaTuJybl-qSS1f73med0lxwTTdgnTDZWJiZ1HjYFNZCPTHXmulCzImXk65nEIwIBmxteW0AqxiWAIKwa37Z2-_TF1lOLfh9iYvYmW76cfEvbC9H8KfiWzLLPbPK6e5iM_WXHF9x7fxX2y1Oty0k44agnb/w334-h400/Jewish-rally-river-to-the-sea.jpg" width="334" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><br /></div><br />Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-21292615920748065782024-01-15T14:53:00.000-08:002024-01-15T14:53:27.991-08:00Unknown Tidbits Of The Intersectionality Of Jews And Blacks In America<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Unknown Tidbits
Of The Intersectionality Of Jews And Blacks In America<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> For the video of the discussion</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p><a href="https://youtu.be/xph80wh-aj4?si=kpubkz_a_33AtYpN" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/xph80wh-aj4?si=kpubkz_a_33AtYpN</a><br /></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Torah portion—this
weekend, is Vaera-in Exodus- Ch 9:1.It includes in it the famous phrase, in
Hebrew, “Shlach et Ami V’yavduni”- Let my people go, that they shall serve me.”
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">We all
recognize that the phrase “ Let My People Go” became incorporated into a
spiritual that had its roots in the struggle of black slaves to be free from
their chains. The phrase was made part of the introduction between my
Professor, Rabbi Abraham Joshua Heschel, and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., whose
memory we honor this weekend:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“At the first conference on religion
and race, the main participants were Pharaoh and Moses. Moses’ words were:
“Thus says the Lord, the God of Israel, let My people go that they may
celebrate a feast to Me.”</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Relations between Jews and Blacks
have been mixed, especially in recent years, from a Louis Farrakhan or a Kanye
West. Some of it stems from the influence of the first Christians to preach to
their slaves, way back, and teaching them the “ Christ-killer” narrative.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yet, on the other hand, as the words of the
song “ Let my People Go”, there was also an identification with ancient Israel.
</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">There was as well a lot of mixing
that took place, over the centuries—Alexander Hamilton, one of the great
framers of the Constitution, may have been of mixed African and Jewish
heritage. A few years back, we did an on-line zoom session with members of the Jewish
community of Jamaica, which is very much a mixed-community of Jews of Sephardic
and African ancestry.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Here's a reminder: Avinu Malkenu
with a Caribbean beat:</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://youtu.be/obuEDvzcQyQ?si=4fzY9rBLnddFMSYL&t=6175">https://youtu.be/obuEDvzcQyQ?si=4fzY9rBLnddFMSYL&t=6175</a></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One of the founders of the very influential
black civil rights movement, SNCC ( Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)
, Julius Lester, converted to Judaism, influence by the fact that he had a
Jewish great grandfather who married a freed slave. My sociology professor,
back in thee 60’s, pointed out that then, the predominant mixed race marriages
were between Jews and Blacks. Later, I hope to bring in some outside
participants to talk with us about their experience as Jews of Color, or Black
Jews, or just plain Jews.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">So, I want, this Shabbat, to dabble
in the theme of intersectionality, to use a contemporary politically loaded
word, as it relates to positive connections between our two groups.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">First, let’s talk about music.
Gershwin introduced Jewish musical themes into a musical about blacks- Porgy
and Bess. Al Jolson pretended to play a Negro in blackface, as was done a
century ago. But what about the other way around?</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Tevye der Shvartzer Khazn<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The story of Thomas LaRue Jones, the Black cantor
from Newark who captivated the Jewish world with his songs <b>BY EDNA NAHSHON<o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">JUNE 16, 2022 Tablet Magazine <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The writer notes:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4FrN1GfNTR-NtZbrFBZbt_U6vD2Paa0Pm6FYc3JP9e6JDQz4YsZRq9f2-wH-7F6jahEVW7EmiWvjDE31G10N7UTHQ49dlUpatvVSIGJgbUnaTOZRxCWmP5bBGZ6-sQPvbPiWQvjf7Hr-IHWfbGKazePPEzHNEKA-nyLA35-XvL5NiRxBFj1ggBsRQaMSV/s581/Poster%20of%20Tevye%20der%20Shvartzer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="581" data-original-width="447" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh4FrN1GfNTR-NtZbrFBZbt_U6vD2Paa0Pm6FYc3JP9e6JDQz4YsZRq9f2-wH-7F6jahEVW7EmiWvjDE31G10N7UTHQ49dlUpatvVSIGJgbUnaTOZRxCWmP5bBGZ6-sQPvbPiWQvjf7Hr-IHWfbGKazePPEzHNEKA-nyLA35-XvL5NiRxBFj1ggBsRQaMSV/w308-h400/Poster%20of%20Tevye%20der%20Shvartzer.jpg" width="308" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f">
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<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“Working my way through a mass of colorful theater
posters that featured Yiddish divas and matinee idols, I glimpsed an old
black-and-white illustrated placard with a cameo like portrait of a
serious-looking young Black man with soulful eyes, dressed in festive cantorial
regalia. Titled “Tevye, der shvartzer khazn” (Tevye, the Black Cantor), he was,
the undated print declared, “The Greatest Wonder of the World.” A small-type
English-language byline at bottom of the poster announced that “Thomas La-Rue”
was “the most phenomenal cantor-tenor in America” and “the only one of his kind
in the world.” “Tevye,” the renowned Black cantor, the poster announced in
Yiddish, “has taken America by storm” with a multilanguage repertoire of Jewish
folk songs and cantorial compositions by Yossele (Joseph) Rosenblatt and other
Jewish composers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Here is a little visual about him:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/live/bXu_32enBa8?si=RM3gN-7cIQdbf9_X&t=917">https://www.youtube.com/live/bXu_32enBa8?si=RM3gN-7cIQdbf9_X&t=917</a></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Run to 16:29<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Sample of his
singing, on the theme of Jewish suffering and hope!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/live/bXu_32enBa8?si=bhS8B97tmZjDxlLz&t=1620">https://www.youtube.com/live/bXu_32enBa8?si=bhS8B97tmZjDxlLz&t=1620</a></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">go to 29:16<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">African Zionism<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Today, South
Africa is leading the attack against Israel at the international court, part of
a historical trend in South Africa of the past several decades. It ignores, not
only the role that Israel played in the support given to the newly emergent
nations of Africa after colonialism, but also the inspiration that Jewish
history gave to prominent leaders of the early civil rights movement:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Zionism, Pan-Africanism, and White Nationalism-
Tablet Magazine<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What we learn about Israel’s ethnocentrism by
looking at groups inspired by Zionism</span></p><p class="Default" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><b>BY SHAUL MAGID </b>DECEMBER 11, 2018<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Excerpts<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“Black Zionism has its roots before the formal advent of Zionism: in the
Pan-African writings of William Blyden and Martin Delaney, and then later in
W.E.B Du Bois, Marcus Garvey, and Stokely Carmichael.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“West Indian-born Edward Blyden wrote about it as a resolution to the
slavery question in the 1850s, focusing on the newly founded country of Liberia
in1847. Blyden had no particular ideology of Black Nationalism and viewed
colonizing Liberia in the way proto-Zionists in the 19th century viewed Jewish
immigration to Palestine, as a return to the homeland (although Blyden did not
have the messianic tenor of some Jewish proto-Zionists or later
Pan-Africanists). Blyden published The Jewish Question, a pamphlet, in 1898 (underwritten
by his Jewish friend from Liverpool, Louis Solomon), two years after the
publication of Herzl’s Der Judenstaadt, which Blyden read and admired. In 1903,
a year before Herzl’s death, Blyden noted in a lecture “West African Problems,”
using a biblical metaphor, that the idea of the black colonization of Africa
“give[s] to the African the fullest opportunity for self-development and
self-advancement.” Blyden viewed Zionism as a model for his idea, coining the
term “Ethiopianism”and calling on blacks to return to Africa to redeem it. In
The Jewish Question, Blyden writes, “The Jewish question, in some respects, is
similar to that which at this moment agitates thousands of descendants of
Africa in America, anxious to return to the land of their fathers.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“This idea reached a wider audience in W.E.B. Du Bois, who coined the term
“Black Zionism” to describe his Pan-Africanism. Du Bois openly stated, “The
African movement must mean to us what the Zionist movement must mean to the
Jews, the centralization of race effort and the recognition of a racial front.”
Du Bois, an ardent fan of Zionism, pinpointed the racial component in Zionism
that many overlooked.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">One of the best defenses of Israel’s right was given by a speech by Martin
Luther King Jr, just a short time before he was murdered. I was there then.</span>
<span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="http://www.rabbinorbert.com/2015/01/selma-king-and-rabbi.html" target="_blank">http://www.rabbinorbert.com/2015/01/selma-king-and-rabbi.html</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><u>Rustin</u>, the movie, failed to
cover Bayard Rustin’s battle on behalf of Israel, when he and A. Phillip
Randolph founded <span style="background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> </span></span><a href="https://www.nytimes.com/1975/09/12/archives/blacks-organize-proisrael-group-committee-seeks-to-counter-un.html" target="_blank"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Black Americans to Support Israel Committee</span></a><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> (BASIC)
in 1975 . He declared</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">: “Since Israel is a democratic
state surrounded by essentially undemocratic states which have sworn her
destruction, those interested in democracy everywhere must support Israel’s
existence..(
https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/history/articles/bayard-rustin-mlk) “ <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">As a former
communist and openly gay, he would have been shocked by the devotion of so many
in the LGBTQ community to the cause of Hamas.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">How about
African Americans who felt they were the original Jews. Many years back, as a
young Rabbinic student, I went on Shabbat to a synagogue in Harlem, The Ethiopian
Hebrew Congregation, led by Rabbi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Matthews.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNdm0Iqck97M1FoPO72FZv22vJln63p-A055eOCNuJdgQ_-g0ez9UZuwh0TTkyNbXgjekgqx1vYE1PKlq5gSmz1BFnFPmlyPCP23NB7iUuEEIJeeht-ohkk0KQoB6clr6MwiMyiMeurHls-tWo9Tka5C8ZW2-MPe3FstZ1ozNPwpVB9bLGFL8M2FtNXeRF/s1321/Ethiopian%20Hebrew%20Cong.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="991" data-original-width="1321" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNdm0Iqck97M1FoPO72FZv22vJln63p-A055eOCNuJdgQ_-g0ez9UZuwh0TTkyNbXgjekgqx1vYE1PKlq5gSmz1BFnFPmlyPCP23NB7iUuEEIJeeht-ohkk0KQoB6clr6MwiMyiMeurHls-tWo9Tka5C8ZW2-MPe3FstZ1ozNPwpVB9bLGFL8M2FtNXeRF/w400-h300/Ethiopian%20Hebrew%20Cong.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/black-jews-the-commandment-keepers-in-harlem/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Black Jews, The Commandment Keepers In Harlem,
1910 (harlemworldmagazine.com)</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 10.7pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 10.7pt;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Black Jews, The Commandment Keepers In Harlem, 1910</span></b><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; text-transform: uppercase;">JULY 1, 2016<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="black jews in harlem" id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 237.6pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 317.4pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="black jews in harlem" src="file:///C:/Users/norof/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Black
Jews started forming Harlem congregations in the 1910s, based on the conviction
that Africans were descended from ancient Hebrews and that Christianity was a
religion imposed on them during enslavement in America. But few traces of
their presence remain in the neighborhood.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">(documentary filmmaker Marlaine
Glicksman ) Her film in progress, called “The Commandment Keepers,” will be
screened on April 17 at 92nd Street Y in Manhattan. It traces the
congregation’s history, from the early black rabbis’ sermons and writings about
their commitment to Jewish rituals to their followers’ persistence in the face
of racism and anti-Semitism.</span><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">From Wikipedia</span></span><span class="mw-headline"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></h3>
<h3 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .05in;"><span class="mw-headline"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Commandment Keepers</span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></h3><div><span class="mw-headline"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF1ujvO_gmKnw2xizl8qrkca8oATOgMWNPPcXFJLpgzmY7Dr6dnJJpQItofa_PLzMD20GRuO6SPonDWnbl3EUdux7RM5uxUCEAq_H81zCMU5hT5pONtaXHpfmZj4mSxQZSghsDodGzZFhGfuGgWuLdkqAy-2cXq8WmXtVAm4DgBkaC4M_vQTPCxYTxir0S/s188/Rev%20Matthews.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="188" data-original-width="145" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF1ujvO_gmKnw2xizl8qrkca8oATOgMWNPPcXFJLpgzmY7Dr6dnJJpQItofa_PLzMD20GRuO6SPonDWnbl3EUdux7RM5uxUCEAq_H81zCMU5hT5pONtaXHpfmZj4mSxQZSghsDodGzZFhGfuGgWuLdkqAy-2cXq8WmXtVAm4DgBkaC4M_vQTPCxYTxir0S/w309-h400/Rev%20Matthews.jpg" width="309" /></a></div><br /><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></span></div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%;"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Main article: </span></i><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commandment_Keepers" title="Commandment Keepers"><i><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Commandment
Keepers</span></i></a></span><i><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RabbiMatthewHoldingTorah.jpg"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><v:shape alt="A person with a mustache holding two candles
Description automatically generated" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RabbiMatthewHoldingTorah.jpg" id="Picture_x0020_1" o:button="t" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 141pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 108.6pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:fill o:detectmouseclick="t">
<v:imagedata o:title="A person with a mustache holding two candles
Description automatically generated" src="file:///C:/Users/norof/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:fill></v:shape></span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The founder of
the Commandment Keepers, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_Arthur_Matthew" title="Wentworth Arthur Matthew"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Wentworth Arthur
Matthew</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> holding a </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefer_Torah" title="Sefer Torah"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Sefer Torah</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wentworth_Arthur_Matthew" title="Wentworth Arthur Matthew"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Wentworth
Arthur Matthew</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> founded the Commandment
Keepers Congregation in Harlem in 1919.</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-JVL-5"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[5]</span></sup></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Matthew
was influenced by the non-black Jews he met as well as by </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Garvey" title="Marcus Garvey"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Marcus Garvey</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> and the </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Negro_Improvement_Association_and_African_Communities_League" title="Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Universal Negro Improvement Association and African
Communities League</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">. Garvey used the Biblical
Jews in exile as a metaphor for </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">black people</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> in North America. One of the accomplishments of
Garvey's movement was to strengthen the connection between black Americans and
Africa, Ethiopia in particular. When Matthew later learned about the </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_Israel" title="Beta Israel"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Beta Israel</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">—Ethiopian
Jews—he identified with them.</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Chireau25-59"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[59]</span></sup></a></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Today the Commandment Keepers
follow traditional Jewish practices and observe </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_holidays" title="Jewish holidays"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Jewish holidays</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">.</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Moses537-35"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[35]</span></sup></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Members
observe </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">kashrut</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">,
circumcise newborn boys, and celebrate </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_and_Bat_Mitzvah" title="Bar and Bat Mitzvah"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Bar and
Bat Mitzvahs</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">, and their </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">synagogue</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> has
a </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechitza" title="Mechitza"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">mechitza</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> to
separate men and women during worship.</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Jewish_Week-60"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[60]</span></sup></a></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 12.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Commandment Keepers
believe that they are descendants of </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomon" title="Solomon"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Solomon</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> and the </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_of_Sheba" title="Queen of Sheba"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Queen of Sheba</span></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">.</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Parfitt95-61"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[61]</span></sup></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Matthew
taught that "the Black man is a Jew" and "all genuine Jews are
Black men",</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Sundquist116-62"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[62]</span></sup></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> but
he valued non-black Jews as those who had preserved Judaism over the centuries.</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-JVL-5"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[5]</span></sup></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Matthew
maintained cordial ties with non-black Jewish leaders in New York and
frequently invited them to worship at his synagogue.</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites#cite_note-Wolfson48-63"><sup><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-theme-font: major-fareast; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[63]</span></sup></a></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Some years
back, I served as a Rabbi in Newport News, Virginia. Across the James River was
the city of Portsmouth, and I was told that there had been a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>community of Black Jews there. At one time,
when I was driving through the countryside, I saw what looked like an abandoned
church that had a very visible Magen David in the window, but I could not
determine if that was the synagogue. However, I did find some references to
them online:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<ul type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Rabbi Capers C. Funnye Jr.</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> is the spiritual leader of Beth Shalom
B’nai Zaken Ethiopian Hebrew Congregation in Chicago. He is also the first
cousin of former First Lady Michelle Obama. He was born in Georgetown,
South Carolina, but his family moved to Portsmouth when he was a child. He
attended I.C. Norcom High School and Norfolk State University before
joining the Israelite movement.<o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Louise Lucas</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> is a state senator and a civil rights
activist in Virginia. She is also a member of The Links, Incorporated
(Portsmouth Chapter), a national organization of Black women who are
committed to civic and cultural engagement. She identifies as a Black
Hebrew Israelite and follows the dietary laws of the Torah. <o:p></o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></li>
<li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><strong><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Michael Twitty</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> is a culinary historian and a James Beard
Award-winning author. He is known for his work on exploring the African
roots of Southern food and culture. He is also a Black Jewish convert who
practices Conservative Judaism. </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">He was born in
Washington, D.C., but he has traced his ancestry to enslaved Africans who
lived in Portsmouth and other parts of Virginia</span></a><a href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/20-black-jews-you-should-know/" target="_blank"><sup><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">5</span></sup></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> .<o:p></o:p></span></li>
</ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">As I pointed out, we have our own very
important intersectionality between our communities, whether it be Jews who are
descended from the ancient communities of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Ethiopia, like our two young technical crew, or Jews who come from more
recent Jewish heritage, or Jews who themselves chose to formally join Judaism,
whatever their original ethnicity or religion. Welcome aboard.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-15062161271621181152023-12-24T21:12:00.000-08:002023-12-24T21:12:23.495-08:00How Jews Spent New Years Eve in Berlin, 1936<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL">How Jews Spent New Years Eve in Berlin, 1936<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> For video:<a href="https://youtu.be/mC0TtG9ZXmg?si=tjVseNOeiThAtw2E" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/mC0TtG9ZXmg?si=tjVseNOeiThAtw2E</a></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL">I am proud to announce that there is an exhibit that opened
this week in Frankfurt, Germany, on the occasion of the 75th anniversary of the
reestablishing of the Jewish community after the Holocaust.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL">As<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>you may know, my
father, Rabbi Dr William, or Wilhelm at that time, served as the first State
Rabbi of the region of Hesse, the environs of Frankfurt, when the community was
reincorporated. This followed his service establishing adult education programs
for the survivors in the Displaced Persons Camps in the Salzburg area of
Austria.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL">Here is the invitation, which I share with you:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP5e4MqQh0t4luPiGhAV3Yt5ruZbI5KUQ9IGeylZHnPUdB39OKQzLTXPv1dOk6IZrpcfDvxfXoe9oO47IzEe4_gTzbAwtiEE5cPA9HMS69_sCV3nKm1v34xVmoGnvCZDZXSGpzohGXGZq5oca1YoIhnIdOWmy9vHWintEfR98-CGdGcGQLQD3dSY6SR0sc/s482/invitation%20to%20exhibit.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="321" data-original-width="482" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgP5e4MqQh0t4luPiGhAV3Yt5ruZbI5KUQ9IGeylZHnPUdB39OKQzLTXPv1dOk6IZrpcfDvxfXoe9oO47IzEe4_gTzbAwtiEE5cPA9HMS69_sCV3nKm1v34xVmoGnvCZDZXSGpzohGXGZq5oca1YoIhnIdOWmy9vHWintEfR98-CGdGcGQLQD3dSY6SR0sc/w400-h266/invitation%20to%20exhibit.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL">It’s running from Dec 20 through May 26 of next year.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL">My father is featured prominently in the opening panels of
the exhibit, that refer to the founding years ( and I get “honorable mention”
for providing some of that material.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilCSZ_zanPrfkZMBVB7Rj_H66QNvveWL3w6WdODGSYyXH12tZ2VgO-ubzSIO_DHVNuJYji75BYxuufyHv1aWBrFbwIbQikUo5sstKk0680TJPjgLForSxS3ASrqBDkDmhDTy-h5CFWaSS-e68z2bDLSjJE_MSbno4S1L5h6JOoCO548kKlVdPG5ARs3zVW/s1280/gallery.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="1280" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilCSZ_zanPrfkZMBVB7Rj_H66QNvveWL3w6WdODGSYyXH12tZ2VgO-ubzSIO_DHVNuJYji75BYxuufyHv1aWBrFbwIbQikUo5sstKk0680TJPjgLForSxS3ASrqBDkDmhDTy-h5CFWaSS-e68z2bDLSjJE_MSbno4S1L5h6JOoCO548kKlVdPG5ARs3zVW/w400-h300/gallery.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>Exhibit Displays<br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7TX2i5qv-zlE3z445MFPXuPqL5SCg1SYKj_Z0fF1GGpjYUNKHdotnCp7UZJyNxltzRmdGx8cPtvc3IZoCLPzxlCghX59MQJ-kZJEI7d71UgVvHuBO7QB8JRg5P-fyRYiAZMGYjdq2td3n_j8nUshhRb0rHQCPZ4Ge4Be3xmGM0aZQi1h1F9E4AjuPqq3e/s1280/new%20beginnings.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1280" data-original-width="960" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg7TX2i5qv-zlE3z445MFPXuPqL5SCg1SYKj_Z0fF1GGpjYUNKHdotnCp7UZJyNxltzRmdGx8cPtvc3IZoCLPzxlCghX59MQJ-kZJEI7d71UgVvHuBO7QB8JRg5P-fyRYiAZMGYjdq2td3n_j8nUshhRb0rHQCPZ4Ge4Be3xmGM0aZQi1h1F9E4AjuPqq3e/w300-h400/new%20beginnings.jpg" width="300" /></a></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> New Beginnings Exhibit</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWNP5SZmuwJgB7XS18euivCSiNdMQvaDHw9Af4zImgkS-c4HVcWocV_8wfS0nfhKqNvmCBX3UKii8Og7jw6wXPYkBChW2bZUh60oFWmpmM2xcso2UTHRmVjf5SAGeVc7101_-Lb1MzRQMLITxJsub_TkcbEb6V8q1HwD6xG3BUzEfeoyrtOMKjISApK-1M/s587/with%20Baeck.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="587" data-original-width="450" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWNP5SZmuwJgB7XS18euivCSiNdMQvaDHw9Af4zImgkS-c4HVcWocV_8wfS0nfhKqNvmCBX3UKii8Og7jw6wXPYkBChW2bZUh60oFWmpmM2xcso2UTHRmVjf5SAGeVc7101_-Lb1MzRQMLITxJsub_TkcbEb6V8q1HwD6xG3BUzEfeoyrtOMKjISApK-1M/s320/with%20Baeck.png" width="245" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;">My father with the great Chief Rabbi of Germany through the Holocaust, Rabbi Leo Baeck.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhibcjcWsXamYQziNDQIdipBQOXYKW8c8B8887eWkn8Qj0EWGZWRjdBZCHRcNOhAc5K9jx4hVXOjABN_PmcAo6IOCRmtvrBy2nHIIZL7qTIrAagL95Ib2AVcqUWhMMuFk-jib5wzayhNgS3Js6YU0sYCXWM_nRw_ogWfmE0R5JouLrZcSU2rJ3hJHuIH-zY/s988/march%20with%20scroll.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="760" data-original-width="988" height="308" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhibcjcWsXamYQziNDQIdipBQOXYKW8c8B8887eWkn8Qj0EWGZWRjdBZCHRcNOhAc5K9jx4hVXOjABN_PmcAo6IOCRmtvrBy2nHIIZL7qTIrAagL95Ib2AVcqUWhMMuFk-jib5wzayhNgS3Js6YU0sYCXWM_nRw_ogWfmE0R5JouLrZcSU2rJ3hJHuIH-zY/w400-h308/march%20with%20scroll.png" width="400" /></a></div>At the dedication of the Westend Synagog<br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL" style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL">Here is the recording , broadcast over German radio, as my
father lights the Eternal Lamp for the first time in the reconstructed Westend Synagog:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitheMpJfGqoWMtOFk-s65NHp22yiSFqrFx3-cyJmgcG-3j7SQLwtXBcgbooU7N26WKehudM2IFfu4N5N7nIkY2SePPrjQgOsapQY5D4abi4eZUrWEhghRr3FK9vFaBTsDtiG-z6hnMjazW5KA8euHHNF2gNqDJDjckllM7_PSZMK2sT-1Y5yAjQ1qFIb7X/s659/at%20bimah.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="659" data-original-width="486" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitheMpJfGqoWMtOFk-s65NHp22yiSFqrFx3-cyJmgcG-3j7SQLwtXBcgbooU7N26WKehudM2IFfu4N5N7nIkY2SePPrjQgOsapQY5D4abi4eZUrWEhghRr3FK9vFaBTsDtiG-z6hnMjazW5KA8euHHNF2gNqDJDjckllM7_PSZMK2sT-1Y5yAjQ1qFIb7X/w295-h400/at%20bimah.png" width="295" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">At the dedication of the synagogue</div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL">I want to shift the tenor of my talk today, though, away from
the heavy lifting that my father was engaged in at that time, to a reflection
of a lighter mood in the decade preceding, before anyone could know the
severity of the tragedy to unfold. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
last quarter of 2023, or the first quarter of 5784, has been very heavy for us
all, especially for our families in Israel, but for us here as well. So, I
thought of an unusual document that had been sent me by a researcher in Germany,
one that opened a little light in an otherwise already gloomy time.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL">. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL">My father, who had been leader of the Jewish Student
Zionist organization in Vienna and then leader of the Jewish student’s
organizatiuon in Berlin, had been in studies in Rabbinical school at the
Hochschule fuer die Wissenschaft des Judentums in the early 1930’s. However,
family funding for his studies had been running out, so he left Berlin for
Zurich to earn extra money as a tutor. While there, he basically was caught in
a scheme that was intended to bring him back to Berlin and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>his studies, but instead, landed him in prison,
first in one called Moabit, then later in Brandeburg Prison. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL">I am surprised what good record keepers the Germans are,
till today- I was sent his entire dossier!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0w9RYbKDQpaun7tixds-mY-hlDPQeZb3IlY4cMhtDM2J7K5hR3jfkWOvTEggO4OZzDgwDX0NyKpNhCDbBTVgvbXw7-3MkqT9JAwXtANLxUPxsi7BxK8il8EiVK2o3zeAlUka1JX46rYFfI_6QkLp88u-oUtYF2J_9lHiwZhOvT6JO0AbGz4mQnV9EGzzV/s3380/berlin%20court%20doc.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3380" data-original-width="2355" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0w9RYbKDQpaun7tixds-mY-hlDPQeZb3IlY4cMhtDM2J7K5hR3jfkWOvTEggO4OZzDgwDX0NyKpNhCDbBTVgvbXw7-3MkqT9JAwXtANLxUPxsi7BxK8il8EiVK2o3zeAlUka1JX46rYFfI_6QkLp88u-oUtYF2J_9lHiwZhOvT6JO0AbGz4mQnV9EGzzV/w279-h400/berlin%20court%20doc.jpg" width="279" /></a> Berlin Kangaroo Court Indictement</div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The
archivist at Brandenburg found, among the legal documents, a personal letter to
my father from a friend of his, Oskar Gellman, dated January 17, 1936, with an
extra note by Erna, whom I assume to be his wife.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>His friend not
only decided to appraise him of the mundane events of his acquaintances during
the time her was in prison, but also to entertain him and keep his spirit up.
Why the wardens would have kept just this letter, I have no clue, but the
writer is so very vivid and ascerbic in his wit, that perhaps they kept it as
an example of how funny these Jews could be. His writing verges on the
Rabelaisian and he pokes sharply at his friends and acquaintances.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is a
window on the mood of Jews in the early years of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the Hitler reign, as the Nuremberg laws were
taking effect while the ultimate horror<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>awaiting them was something as yet unimagineable. Clearly, the author
says nothing at all about the Nazi regime, since he is aware that the letter
will be read by the authorities and understands the potential impact on my
father’s pending appeal of anything at all material to his incarceration. He
can only make reference to it as a one –time moment of stupidity that does not
match my father’s fine personality and sterling character, which he pointedly
emphasizes ( as does Erna). In light of the fun he pokes at his circle of
friends, one can see how highly he regards my father in contrast. There is no
reference to the status of Jews, per se, but clear references to the general
difficulties in finding secure employment or economic security for some of the
people involved and a general sense of wishing to leave. The one reference to
politics is to the Italian occupation of Ethiopia and the fear of war between
the British and French against the Italians in the Mediterranean.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>His language
is full of idioms and verbal hyperboles that are sometimes hard to understand (
and hard to read). The text of the letter was transcribed for my by Omer Van
Voorden.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="FR" style="mso-ansi-language: FR;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbYFURXxKnxzZ4yUpHtaz5I36PeowbcM71HkTI1gPAamCcRrOHnhAtHaHyMQErtcTi_0m1W3r2-JKWD36ygDFYdhAVLxpPS8U8CpMcSDoOO3ksDppkwnQTt9EsV22kknuDmVs1XENp859ctm-VCngkgm4mqB-nxoXDZ42Uj4r5yE-HMZfzISNfmC3atfXn/s982/gellman%20letter%20top.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="717" data-original-width="982" height="293" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbYFURXxKnxzZ4yUpHtaz5I36PeowbcM71HkTI1gPAamCcRrOHnhAtHaHyMQErtcTi_0m1W3r2-JKWD36ygDFYdhAVLxpPS8U8CpMcSDoOO3ksDppkwnQTt9EsV22kknuDmVs1XENp859ctm-VCngkgm4mqB-nxoXDZ42Uj4r5yE-HMZfzISNfmC3atfXn/w400-h293/gellman%20letter%20top.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL">My dear Willi,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: whitesmoke; line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL" style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">...</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the
meantime, since Christmas, there<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>were
only two days that were worthy of note: New Years and my birthday. I didn’t
want to celebrate Sylvester <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">[Ed.- New
Years]</i> in the way one could understand celebrate. I tell myself- if Willi
is not here, but instead he is in <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">B [
Brandenburg Prison]</i>, then there is no way to celebrate anything. It was
clear that for your sake I could think of no reason I could celebrate. You know
that when my sprit is lousy I am against any celebrating. I told to Roman that
he and Moehrchen should come and reminisce over a glass of tea. However, I
wanted to make Erma happy, so I bought Roman, Morchen, Erma and myself tickets
to the Comic Opera at 0.75 ! <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">[ Ed.- 75
pfennig, worth, in todays US dollar, about $5, or about twice the cost of a
“Dreigroschenoper”, (Three Penny Opera). I do not know if his “!” is because
was so cheap-or so expensive at the time]</i> . However, it worked out
differently than I had planned. On New Years eve, at 6 PM, Erna’s ex- husband
and his current wife suggested that following the opera they would come to
spend New Years with me. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Out of
politeness rather than</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="NL" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">out of joy about this implausible event, I said yes.
Hardly had they come here, than there also appeared a couple from the outskirts
of Berlin (whom I myself this summer more or less had befriended) with the same
suggestion.</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Again I explained the
plan, but also gave notice that I would provide no alcohol and for that everyone
would need to fend for him. Finally, they also bought tickets for the Comic
Opera (at 0.75!). After completion of the cultural event, the whole social
gathering took place in my apartment where a table was set. Served were:
sausages and potato salad and again sausages and potato salad and for dessert<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a salad made with peas and beans was passed
around, with what afterwards turned out to have as bad consequences as could
be. To my greatest shock I noticed that in addition to other bottles, the
provincial couple had brought 2 bottles of whisky, 2 bottles of wine + 3
bottles of champagne to make us foggy. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Everything naturally fell apart as I take note of my
weakness for alcohol. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Roman tried to get me drunk with downright sadistic
pleasure. He cheered me with “prosit” constantly and I had to respond
willy-nilly every time with another drink. Erna was soon very tipsy and glowed
like a red bulb. (You might think this was due to an intensive sunlamp cure!).
I don’t believe it. And you? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Around
midnight, the company was already half wobbly and looking for me to
systematically finish everything. Lion Braun was pale as a corpse and Roman
began to target the wall with pancakes as for a mural. (The traces can still be
seen). Here come true the old adage "who digs a pit for others...”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Roman had become totally
wasted in the course of the evening. Afterwards, as the senior member here, I
went first went for the toilet and, as a decent man, locked the door. I heard
an urgent knock from the outside and opened the door.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Who rushed forward to me
with a mouth full of seltzer water? The fat Roman! I have never seen anyone so
pale... As he lay there, the poor guy and provided me with highly varied
companionship. After some time, he gave himself to philosophical considerations
about<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>comparison of human life with the
famous “Huehnerleiter” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">[Ed.- There is a
book by Alan Dundes ,<u>Life Is Like a Chicken Coop Ladder ,</u> which explains
this popular German saying that life is like a chicken coop ladder, full of
filth]</i> Is it still the bleakest? The Huehnerleiter got rid of his ruined
shirt and ran again as half dull madman by the long corridor, until he fell
tired and exhausted on shaking knees at the other end and with his gigantic
chest covered the ice cold floor. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">…In this mixture of
human nourishment and blessed drunkenness, we other weak-kneed creatures let
the Colossus sleep up to 4 o’clock in the morning. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Despite our muddled senses,
and perhaps because of our heavy mass, we thought of you and communicate with
you from a distance as the card that you've certainly received proves.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-indent: 35.45pt;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">We were drinking to your health and our card's
contents clearly expressed our deep feelings. I hope our wishes have arrived.
In addition, Willi, I personally have found myself completely out of balance
since your fall and I must confess that only the idea that still keeps me
going, you get the feeling, is that you still have an old friend in Berlin. </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">I know that this is illogical, but I hope that my stay
here can give you a little bit of calm. If not for you I would have left after
Baby was engaged, but I will stay here and wait until you have finished your
sentence for this one time nonsense. As I've known you as a constitutionally
sound and logical man, I hope to God that you will well weather this difficult
time, especially since I was able to convince myself that the institution you
are in is very humane and you receive decent treatment. I am convinced that
after your release a few weeks of nursing by your mother will be enough to get
you afloat again. And I think that your professors and colleagues will forgive
this inexplicable and unexpectable prank of yours. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>You are known as a fine and decent human being and I hope
that we later will see your act as I see it, as the derailment by unusual
circumstances of one fundamentally decent person. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Now back to the Sylvester. Later on Erna’s sister-in-law
and husband and another family known to you came by.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>After having brought Lion in a fully apathetic state to his
home, we remained together until the New Year’s morning. The only ones who
stayed sober were the provincial couple. They cooked us over stitch and thread
and let no one sleep. </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">On the New Year’s
morning </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">at 8, we went together to Erna’s in-laws to
enjoy a decent breakfast.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So, the 1<sup>st</sup> of January was spent in good
chit-chat until the evening and then we moved on to our own homes to go to bed
as soon as possible. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>One
should not plan </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">things; it comes out
differently from what is planned.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">[The letter goes on with
some chit-chat about various and sundry common friends.]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>…</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The world in general is continuing its old routine. Up till
the military conflict between Italy and Abyssinia, the world events continue on
the same old tune. The members of the League of Nations are striving to resolve
the dispute by means of economic sanctions. There are some dark clouds on the political
horizon. </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">One can only hope</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> that after some dramatic moves, considered
objectively, a “happy end” will finally be achieved. I personally can hardly
believe that there is a serious basis to the threatening portent of a transfer
of the conflict to Europe, in which England and France are one side, Italy on
the other side coming to blows in the Mediterranean. I believe every European
Government would be able to deny a material interest in this.</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Italy could act out of
desperation in the event that all other ways to back off, but that is not a
foregone conclusion. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>..Now, my dear Willy, don’t let your head hang down,
everything will be over and I hope I can soon get from a letter from you. I
will visit you again at the next possible opportunity. Goodbye, my good young
man! Oskar. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="border-bottom: dotted windowtext 3.0pt; border: none; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in 0in 1pt;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="border: none; line-height: 150%; mso-border-bottom-alt: dotted windowtext 3.0pt; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 1.0pt 0in; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; padding: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="EN" style="mso-ansi-language: EN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">My father was released from
prison after hist initial sentence was cut to two years, on the condition that
he leave Germany forever. Ironically, because Brandenburg, in this years was a
prison focused on rehabilitation, he had relatively easy conditions, and was able
to finish his Rabbinical studies by correspondence. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He made his way to Austria, published three
essays on the dangers of facing contemporary civilization ( psychological,
biological, and economic determinism) , escaped to Czechoslovakia with the
Anschluss, and was again caught with the German takeover of Czechoslovakia, and
this time, thrown into a notorious prison for subversives, the Spielberg castle
of Brno, and then, sent on one of Eichmann’s first trains out to Poland, and
form there, escape to the Soviet Union.</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-21802021524490246972023-12-17T14:38:00.000-08:002023-12-17T14:38:12.144-08:00Prime Minister Zaphenath Paneakh How A Jewish Boy Made Good ( Antiquity of the Jews-Part II)<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Prime Minister
Zaphenath Paneakh<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">How A Jewish Boy
Made Good ( Antiquity of the Jews-Part II)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Link to discussion:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/live/vzZVRl5b23k?si=BTF8y27phVKDNwk_" target="_blank">https://www.youtube.com/live/vzZVRl5b23k?si=BTF8y27phVKDNwk_</a><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">If you have
ever driven down the 405 near the airport, you see on the side of the road Hillside
Cemetery, a large Jewish cemetery, and right in the center is a large monument
to the great entertainer, Al Jolson.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Some years ago,
there was a musical show made about Al Jolson called “Al Jolson at the Winter Garden”
and in the Los Angeles performance. the star playing Al Jolson was the popular
Israeli and Broadway entertainer Mike Burstyn.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBnFcoow7yPZVvlLtwUdP64ny8QI3rbBURzif49f35gvO11kloxwXvRlnLqoosAPrcBBKeFe8xCOpFP56ya_9hsgflI5jffrvXYWX4nirPIofBJs1NFafm7o7cIlLxss-sUFiaQUVEfo7O2CMAvgRBY2H8EYLb02lZzTBJr3IntfPkvq4cHM_BR7T8bonR/s457/Mike%20Burstyn%20as%20Al%20Jolson.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="457" data-original-width="305" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBnFcoow7yPZVvlLtwUdP64ny8QI3rbBURzif49f35gvO11kloxwXvRlnLqoosAPrcBBKeFe8xCOpFP56ya_9hsgflI5jffrvXYWX4nirPIofBJs1NFafm7o7cIlLxss-sUFiaQUVEfo7O2CMAvgRBY2H8EYLb02lZzTBJr3IntfPkvq4cHM_BR7T8bonR/w428-h640/Mike%20Burstyn%20as%20Al%20Jolson.jpg" width="428" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now to make it a little bit more personal,
Mike Burstyn actually served as a Cantor here one year, just when I left HTBE.(
PS The producers of the play are our mutual friends, Dan and Zahava Israeli.) I
managed to persuade him to help us out and he led services. So, I helped him
fulfill part of the role that the original Jolson had when he did <u>The Jazz
Singer</u> and ran into the synagogue to save the High Holiday services. That
aside, I recall one scene in which Al Jolson is in his last moments, and he is
envisioned as climbing up magical staircase, up to the heaven, and saying
something like “a Jewish boy made good on Broadway. “<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Now this brings
me closer to my theme, which is<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that
phrase of the Jewish boy making it or making good. It certainly was brought
home just a few weeks ago when Henry Kissinger passed away. Here is an example
of the Jewish boy who made it big but who also had a very disturbing
relationship to his own Jewish background. I could say about Jolson that he was
always proud of being Jewish and certainly of my friend Mike Burstyn <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as well, but Kissinger is a different story.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I am not going to go into it in great depth,
but much has been written about his very problematic relationship to his own
being Jewish. He was even quoted as having said, <span style="background: white; color: #1e1d24;">“If it were not for the accident of my birth, I would be
antisemitic.”</span> It may have been something tongue in cheek, but it
indicates some of the internal weakness of being a member of a minority in a
hostile world.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This motif of
the nice Jewish boy who makes it big is quite common, certainly in the last
century or so, especially in America where Jews were able to succeed in many
ways unimaginable before in history. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Except, perhaps,
in Germany. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I will just
show you some headlines as an example.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F7F7F7; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 27.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;">Isaac Mizrahi memoir - Nice Jewish
boy makes it big (headline in Jerusalem Post)<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #F7F7F7; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 3.75pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 27.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<h1 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0a1633; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Nice Soviet Jewish Boys Making It Big in Silicon Valley
(headline in Haaretz)<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #0a1633; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Now it turns
out that the phrase “Nice Jewish boy” itself is a very problematic phrase, as
it has indicated in the past a sort of very soft , easy going, walk-all-over me
type of personality, lacking the essentials of masculinity. In contrast, in
European literature, the Jewish woman was always seen as much more alluring—but
the Nice Jewish Boys instead went for the European blonds -go figure. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But I will not go into that. It is too
complicated. Let us stick to this idea of Jewish success.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">One of the prime
examples of the use of making it big was by the noted literary critic and
editor Norman Podhoretz who had been the editor of Commentary magazine, a major
influence in American literary, political and intellectual trends. His book was
entitled <u>Making It</u>, and the theme was that of a poor Jewish boy
immigrant boy who made it to the pinnacles of American culture.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9rycpV8E1gNrdwzhvwfMCCAWJeVk8A5nT5kBhwVBIuPvEH_M3CO6iUHT3pjXwayz1Yd8kN4MMYou88Crnlgo9BimnRhwxrFKVJ5zrWb9qgVrGvcxJyQFLba3nKh3b1IJJLxejt8A4Wu_NADeiKxc3_i8eQ13b2i6JEAe-C91q6vow-Aoiw0YBWlazT4Xb/s400/Commentary%20cover.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="333" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9rycpV8E1gNrdwzhvwfMCCAWJeVk8A5nT5kBhwVBIuPvEH_M3CO6iUHT3pjXwayz1Yd8kN4MMYou88Crnlgo9BimnRhwxrFKVJ5zrWb9qgVrGvcxJyQFLba3nKh3b1IJJLxejt8A4Wu_NADeiKxc3_i8eQ13b2i6JEAe-C91q6vow-Aoiw0YBWlazT4Xb/w532-h640/Commentary%20cover.png" width="532" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The pattern has
been repeated throughout history- I mentioned a few weeks ago, that the Roman
governor of Egypt, and the general who led the battle against Jerusalem, was
Jewish, the nephew of the great philosopher, Philo. Muslim Spain had its Jewish
viziers, Chasdai ibn Shaprut, advisor to the Caliph of Cordoba, or Shmuel ibn
Nagrila, Hanagid, the Prince Vizier and commander of the armies of Granada.
Christian Spain had its Don Yitzhak Abravanel who financed the wars against the
last Muslim strongholds ( before he was thrown out with all other Jews in 1492)
. And so on down till modern times, a Disraeli Conservative, a Trotsky leftist,
a Zelensky ,Ukrainian hero.In Mexico, the leading candidate for President, is a
Jewish woman, and in Argentina, a non-Jew who wants to be a Jew and visited the
Lubavitcher Rebbe’s grave, is President!? Go figure!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This is a motif
than actually appears through much of the Bible. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The most
obvious example is that of Mordechai who becomes the Regent under the Shah of
Iran, Ahashverosh. There is some historicity to it when we look at
archaeological sources in that region and find names of Jews in very prominent
positions at the end of the Babylonian empire and into the Persian Empire. The
name<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Marduka appears as a viziers to the
Shah, and there are documents of a major Jewish family dealing in banking( 25
centuries before the Rothschilds!) in that period.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">It is evoked
again in the story of Daniel, once again the Jewish boy who makes it big as the
prophet who denounces Nebuchadnezzar and foretells the fall of the Babylonian
empire. We assume it was written much later, in the time of the Maccabees, but
again it fits the paradigm.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">It seems that
in these accounts we are being given a message to the Jews who will be or are
at that moment in exile, that they will survive and thrive despite being exiles,
despite being cut off from their homeland until the end of days when they will
be regathered in to the land of Israel.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">But what<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>better example of this theme of the poor
Jewish boy who makes it big in the outside world than the figure in our<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>reading of today <u>Miketz</u> ,the figure of
Joseph.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">He is first,
the quintessential “ Nice Jewish Boy”, the favorite of his father who is
coddled with a special robe, a “Naar”, a youngster, which the Rabbis indicate
means “ a dandy”, who curled his hair. He plays the big shot among the twelve
brothers. Then, he rises from slave to manager of the boss's household, only to
be trapped because of his seductive good looks by the boss’s wife.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgufWMNC0ssQG_AHeUObmCezoi9hStMb1tNkZnHLbY8SrEZB5pPxbfCPgSXO_D156iOaRomGmO5x-PeoFZzUls8hbmglcYSmXTVno9cB0QXB0EmRTwqbxQY7aaPlmFDxOiHUhfNx7ykZEns88yEdhNXy7_XrF-Wjj28qhnsK4vRZckT2DZKA0VPO8yI4dX_/s640/joseph-from-the-twelve-sons-of-jacob-bcaa5b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="640" data-original-width="460" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgufWMNC0ssQG_AHeUObmCezoi9hStMb1tNkZnHLbY8SrEZB5pPxbfCPgSXO_D156iOaRomGmO5x-PeoFZzUls8hbmglcYSmXTVno9cB0QXB0EmRTwqbxQY7aaPlmFDxOiHUhfNx7ykZEns88yEdhNXy7_XrF-Wjj28qhnsK4vRZckT2DZKA0VPO8yI4dX_/w460-h640/joseph-from-the-twelve-sons-of-jacob-bcaa5b.jpg" width="460" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Latin
inscription to etching: Beautiful happy Joseph<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Finally, he rises from the dungeon again as
the Prime Minister of Egypt, the second only to Pharaoh. He now goes by the
Egyptian name “Zaphenath Paneakh” and has an Egyptian wife, Asenath (the name
of the Egyptian goddess Anat), daughter of the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>priest of On, City of the Sun, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Potiphe-Ra, (Ra, reflecting the Sun-god of
Egypt) , and two children with definitely Egyptian names. These are interpreted
for the Hebrew reader as Menashe- God made me forget my troubles and my
father’s house- and Ephraim, God has made me fruitful in the land of my
affliction.” This is the quintessential case of the Jewish boy making it big, and,
he in the process, hides or forgets or disguises the fact that he is Jewish,
especially when he sees his brothers after so many years. The quintessential
assimilationist.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This now leads
me into my intended theme, on the idea of the Antiquity of the Jews. A few
weeks before, I discussed the idea that there were Israelites who were in
Israel before there was an Israel. Now, I ask, what do we know, of Israelites,
or Hebrews, who were in Egypt?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">It was assumed,
in the 18<sup>th</sup> and 19 th century, the age of enlightenment and reason,
that all the accounts of the ancients were simply fiction, intended as
entertainment. So, for example, the Trojan Wars was nothing more than a tale
spun by Homer. Until, in the end of the 19<sup>th</sup> century, an
archaeologist uncovered the real city of Troy and realized that much of Homer
reflected actual events.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">So too, with
the desire to break the influence of Christianity, academicians determined that
all the Biblical accounts were purely the inventions of some Jewish priests
sitting in Babylonian exile. Undermine the Hebrews and you undermine the
Church. Until, excavations throughout the Middle East showed how many terms,
phrases, names, and events paralleled much of the Biblical narrative.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">So, it goes
with Joseph. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">How could one
possibly take at face value such a story of a slave, from an alien peoples,
rising to power in Egypt.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Until archaeologist found parallels that would
indicate that Joseph, the Joseph as we know him through our texts, was
reflected in ancient Egyptian texts.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I will share
just a few examples from other researchers:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">On the
Israelites being in Egypt:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8blFkHXEQL3Uxby_bxjw020KLCXuF0AXhfBr27VGB83XbyBYPb60q3VOZAFHHo3UJMbX2lDH9wr7AAs7VNqxOGS5uQFVvUsAWMGasLTF_7aVQK7CtkH46zP63AC94MGG9sSpB8cFoFEtqAOw8BaNLddgyV8mTQTqV_lq6azT-x7bLwyff_cdrBXoQbKLO/s371/Israel%20in%20Egypt%20map.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="371" data-original-width="307" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8blFkHXEQL3Uxby_bxjw020KLCXuF0AXhfBr27VGB83XbyBYPb60q3VOZAFHHo3UJMbX2lDH9wr7AAs7VNqxOGS5uQFVvUsAWMGasLTF_7aVQK7CtkH46zP63AC94MGG9sSpB8cFoFEtqAOw8BaNLddgyV8mTQTqV_lq6azT-x7bLwyff_cdrBXoQbKLO/w530-h640/Israel%20in%20Egypt%20map.jpg" width="530" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1LQFqIlBtuQvxm9iB1xmrojxr_PgYlqDUd9lKalBJ-dat-tseW56Gtb7gvsJEE8l7jtaRtTuump74jWS57a_i9xqQEmZrNNodDTp7BM_2Vdhrj8-trFRX6MCgC5wIn8JSu1MwOW56B2AW3CMrAqtPEcaO8YcQeA51vg-aP4cXK9S2Uo_gkzdIhTNvYF-N/s450/Hyksos%20hairdo.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="414" data-original-width="450" height="588" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj1LQFqIlBtuQvxm9iB1xmrojxr_PgYlqDUd9lKalBJ-dat-tseW56Gtb7gvsJEE8l7jtaRtTuump74jWS57a_i9xqQEmZrNNodDTp7BM_2Vdhrj8-trFRX6MCgC5wIn8JSu1MwOW56B2AW3CMrAqtPEcaO8YcQeA51vg-aP4cXK9S2Uo_gkzdIhTNvYF-N/w640-h588/Hyksos%20hairdo.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">That’s not a
Chasidic shtreimel on his head. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Proto-Israelites sported a “ mushroom” hairdo,
what is now called a “Jewfro”.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Contemporary
Egyptian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>( from We Were Slaves to the
Hyksos in Egypt,</span><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">
Dr. Joseph Weinstein, TheTorah.com)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Starting in the late Middle Kingdom, and
continuing on into the Second Intermediate Period, the population of the
Egyptian Nile Delta was predominantly West Semitic. We know this from extensive
excavations in the area, including the 15<sup>th</sup> dynasty Hyksos capital
of Avaris, … Avaris figures prominently in the biblical account, where it is
called by its later name of Rameses. …. Many of these sites have also now been
excavated or at least surveyed. Some of these can also be correlated with
places mentioned in the biblical account. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This
large, intrusive West Semitic population was culturally, religiously, and
ethnically distinct from the native Egyptian population of southern Egypt. It
is easily recognizable by its distinctive burial practices, weaponry, religious
architecture and imagery, personal names, pottery, and other artifacts. Some of
these personal names are similar to those appearing in the biblical account,
such as Ya</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Ꜥ</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">qub-HER (= Jacob).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">It
turns out that the Egyptians themselves had accounts of such troublesome
foreign invaders, and one early Egyptian source used it to paint the Egyptians
as the heroes of the Exodus, because they threw these obnoxious foreigners out
and sent them packing to the Land of Israel.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Egyptian version<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Josephus quoting Apion quoting Manetho.
Manetho was an Egyptian priest who wrote a history of the Egyptians in the 3<sup>rd</sup>
century.) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“These people, whom we have before named
kings, and called shepherds also, and their descendants . . . kept
possession of Egypt five hundred and eleven years.”“. . . the kings of
Thebes and the other parts of Egypt made an insurrection against the shepherds,
and that there a terrible and long war was made between them.”. . . under a
king, whose name was Alisphragmuthosis, the shepherds were subdued by him,
and were indeed driven out of other parts of Egypt, but were shut up
in a place that contained ten thousand acres; this place was
named Avaris.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1.0in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">…, they came to
a composition with them, that they should leave Egypt, and go, without any harm
to be done to them, whithersoever they would;and that, after this composition
was made, they went away with their whole families and effects, not fewer in
number than two hundred and forty thousand, and took their journey from
Egypt, through the wilderness, for Syria;… they built a city in that
country which is now called Judea, and that large enough to contain this great
number of men, and called it Jerusalem. “</span><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">So,
how does a Jewish boy make good in ancient Egypt? Here is one parallel:</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="Default"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #323232; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Joseph and the Famine: The Story’s Origins in
Egyptian History, </span><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Prof.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #2e2e2e; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Israel
Knohl, TheTorah.com<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Story of
Chancellor Baya<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Baya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>was an important scribe and palace official
of northern origin(i.e., Canaan, Transjordan, or Syria) during the reign of
Merneptah’s son Seti II (1203–1197). WhenSeti II died without a clear heir,
Baya backed the claim of a boy named Siptah, who became the next Pharaoh.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">…During the
first few years of his brief reign (1197–1191 B.C.E.), Twosret (or Tausert),
the wife (andsister) of Seti II, functioned as his guardian (the same way
Hatshepsut did for Thutmose III). At Twosret’s side, serving as chancellor, and
to some extent as regent,was Baya.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">… Baya’s
title was both Treasurer and Vizier or Chancellor (scholars seem to use these
translations interchangeably), and in his letter to Ugarit, he signs as Egypt’s
Major General.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Baya’s tomb
was carved right next to that of Twosret (KV14),Moreover, the immense size of
this tomb, with multiple rooms and decorations, is unprecedented for a
non-royal.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Finally,the
carvings on the walls depict Baya with funerary gods, imagery generally
reserved for Pharaohs.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">On the name Beya- </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-bidi-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">Baya (b </span><i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; mso-bidi-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-ItalicMT; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">ꜣ </span></i><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-bidi-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">y, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: SegoeUIHistoric; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">𓃝</span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: SegoeUIHistoric; mso-bidi-font-family: SegoeUIHistoric; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"> </span><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Segoe UI Historic",sans-serif; mso-fareast-font-family: SegoeUIHistoric; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">𓇌
)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In short,
Baya/Beyah has a Yahwistic theophoric name, though it is strange that it
contains only the divine element. …It is thus likely that Baya was a
proto-Israelite, part of the Jacob-El clan from Nomad-land Yahwa, who migrated
to Egypt during the famine.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1.0in;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What can we conclude from this
question. Was Joseph Baya? We really can't determine. History is essentially,
like so much in science, observing a black box. We can't see what's inside; we
can only shake it and guess from the sound it makes what is inside. So too of
ancient history; we can't really go back in time, we can't even fully
comprehend the intents of the texts that we have, whether our own Hebrew Bible
or the texts of the Egyptians, the Hittites, the Canaanites and other peoples
of that time. We can however surmise that the intent was to take memories of
ancient Israel and turn them from just a series of events chronicles into an
actual history. History ultimately, unlike a newspaper, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>does not mean a list of events. History means
the reading of and the interpretation of events from the past that are intended
to guide us to the future. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">That is why our commentaries
emphasize,”Ein Mukdam u Muchar bamikra”, there is no earlier or later in the
text of the Torah, there is no timeline. There is, instead, guidance and
interpretation for the future.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">So to the story of Joseph and
the brothers. What may have been various incidents of ancient tribes entering
into Egypt and of members of the tribe reaching high positions in Egyptian
society is now understood as being the necessary steppingstone for the next
major event, the enslavement of the children of Israel, and then the Exodus,
the Revelation at Sinai, and the return to the land of Israel by the liberated slaves
and their descendants. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: SBLHebrew; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">As the great founding scholar of
Conservative Judaism taught,” What is past, is prologue.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-48813691038892027992023-12-04T12:43:00.000-08:002023-12-04T12:44:35.631-08:00 The Antiquity of the Jews<p> </p><p>Video of the discussion:</p><p><a href="https://youtu.be/VcDNHDfOWIE?si=SBEkINlXMr2GgOlm" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/VcDNHDfOWIE?si=SBEkINlXMr2GgOlm</a><br /></p><p><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Antiquity
of the Jews<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Our Torah
portion of this morning has a bizarre account in it of a rape committed by the
the Prince of Shechem and then a revenge war by the brothers of Dina on the
entire city. It is a highly problematic text involving punishing an entire city
by a ruse, something that is very common till today in the Middle East. This
kind of ruse, for revenge on the capture of one women, is the very theme of the
Trojan Wars, by Homer, a war that would have occurred a few centuries after the
rape of Dina,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>with the ruse of the
Trojan horse.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The horror of rape is also
the basis for a war inside ancient Israel , for which the tribe of Benjamin is
almost eradicated.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">One thing we
can understand after October 7 is how the rape of women is an outrage and we
can understand why such a mass horror maybe unforgivable. Women as victims of
rape in war continues till today and certainly the actions of ISIS against conquered
Yazidis is one example in recent times. And certainly, the actions of Imperial
Japan against China during what is called the Rape of Nanking, in which 20,000
women were raped, in addition to some 200,000 civilians, is another example.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">However beside
the moral problems involved in this story there is an interesting aside here.
Namely that the city of ,Shechem, now Nablus ( Napoli, Naples) <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>becomes Israelite territory before there is an
Israel in Israel. There is a hint of this in Jacob’s final blessing to Joseph,
when he says:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;">וַאֲנִ֞י נָתַ֧תִּֽי לְךָ֛ שְׁכֶ֥ם אַחַ֖ד עַל־אַחֶ֑יךָ
אֲשֶׁ֤ר לָקַ֙חְתִּי֙ מִיַּ֣ד הָֽאֱמֹרִ֔י בְּחַרְבִּ֖י וּבְקַשְׁתִּֽי׃ {פ}</span></i><i><span dir="LTR" face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;">And now, I assign to you one portion more than to your
brothers, which I wrested from the Amorites with my sword and bow.”<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;">What “portion” is this? The word in Hebrew is a play on
the word “Shechem” which refers to the city, which Jacob claims, he took by
military might, from the Amorites, the people of Canaan!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;">Shechem becomes the site of the first ceremony held in
the land of Israel under Joshua. It becomes the central sanctuary for the
northern tribes. And it remains the sight of the sacred mount for the Samaritan,
descendants of the northern tribes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1900 years ago,
a Jewish general who had gone over to the Roman side, needed to prove to the
Roman world how ancient and important the Jews were in history. Josephus
Flavius called his book <u>The Antiquity of the Jews </u>and it is a fitting
title for what we are facing today in attacks not only on the legitimacy of the
state of Israel but even on the role and position of Jews in world history.
Even back then, Josephus had to defend the idea that the Jewish people had the
right to their place in the land of Israel and he was fighting one of the
oldest battles against anti-Semitism in his day.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">So nothing is
new in history, and as I view the social media debates back and forth on Israel
versus the Palestinians and who has legitimacy I recall that this goes far far
back. As I mentioned previously the great commentator Rashi, on the opening
lines of Genesis, emphasized that the whole purpose of the story of creation
was to prove that we Jews had legitimate right to the land of Israel and that
we were not thieves. As I understand it, he was writing just as Christians and
Muslims were fighting over who would own Palestina, Filastin, Eretz Ysrael.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Academic
history on the ancient Middle East, far from being fact-based, has become a veritable
volley-ball. At one time there was a major archaeological finding in Syria of a
Kingdom called Ebla which would match details from the period of the Patriarchs.
In the original excitement of the discoveries the archaeologists involved
claimed that they found Biblical Hebrew names, such as Ibrium-Ivri-Hebrew, and
references that would indicate that indeed ancient Hebrews were found in this
part of Syria at that time. You would think it would be easy to confirm. However
the Syrian government immediately interfered.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://library.biblicalarchaeology.org/images/bsba050203600ljpg"><span style="border: 3pt solid white; color: #dd5a18; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none; padding: 0in; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"><br />
</span></a></span><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;">“<span style="color: black;">It is now
clear that anti-Zionist political pressures in Syria are attempting to affect
the scholarly interpretation of the Ebla tablets. The Syrians are furious that
in the West the intense interest shown in this fantastic cache of tablets has
focused on their importance for understanding the Bible and Biblical history.</span></span></i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://library.biblicalarchaeology.org/article/syria-tries-to-influence-ebla-scholarship/"><i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">https://library.biblicalarchaeology.org/article/syria-tries-to-influence-ebla-scholarship/</span></i></a></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;">We have the same fight
going on about the First and Second Temples in Jerusalem, which Mohammed Abbas
claims never existed, even though historical Arab and Muslim documents agreed,
before the 20<sup>th</sup> century, Jerusalem was site of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the Jewish Temple. Historical revisionism is
in its hey-day.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I came across a
debate that took place in writing between a well-respected historian of the
Arabs, Philip Hitti, and renowned physicist Albert Einstein and Jewish
historian, Eric Kahler. Neither of these were political hacks, like the Syrian
government or Mohammed Abbas, but they spoke from their own perspectives. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This took place just as World War 2 and the
Holocaust were at its peak, and the United States Congress was looking for a
safe haven for Jews and was exploring the idea of a Jewish homeland in what was
then Palestine. Hitti rejected the rights of Jews to any part of the land as an
independent entity even though it would have perhaps saved millions of Jews.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">He derided our
delusions:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">FROM THE Arab point of view, political Zionism is an exotic
movement,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>internationally financed,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>artificially stimulated,and holds no hope of
ultimate or permanent success. Not only to the fifty million Arabs, many of
whom are descendants of the Canaanites who were in the land<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>long before the Hebrews entered Palestine
under Joshua, but to the entire Moslem society, of whom the Arabs form the
spear head, a sovereign Jewish state in Palestine appears as an anachronism…
what chance of survival has such<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>an
alien<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>state amidst a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>camp of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>would-be<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hostile<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Arabic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>unsympathetic Islamic world</span></i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This is the
response by Kahler and Einstein:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“Both Jews and Arabs are said to stem from a common ancestor, from
Abraham, who immigrated into Canaan (i.e., Palestine), and so neither of them
seem to have been earlier in the land than the other. Recent views assume that
only part of the Israelites migrated to Egypt-as reflected in the Joseph
story-and part of them remained in Palestine.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>So part of the Canaanite population encountered by the Jews when they
entered the Promised Land under Joshua were Israelites, too. Therefore, the
Arabs have no<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>priority<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>on the land.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">To the Arabs Jerusalem is only the third holy city; to the Jews it
is the first and only holy city, and Palestine is the place where their
original history, their sacred history took place. Besides, to the Arabs
Jerusalem is a holy city only insofar as they trace their tradition back to
Jewish origins, …<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">But by their holy war and their<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>conquest of Palestine the Arabs contributed their share to depriving the
Jews of their homeland and so to the making of the Jewish problem, even though
one must concede that their share is comparatively smaller than that of other
peoples. The stand the Arabs take, however, with regard<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the
Jews, is exactly the one which all peoples of the world are taking. No people,
unfortunately, understands why it should contribute anything to. the solution
of the Jewish problem. (https://www.academia.edu/86053839/Hitti_Einstein_Dispute_Palestine)<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 5.7pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: .2pt; margin: 0.2pt 0in 0in 5.7pt;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-width: 105%; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>As well known, in 1948,
the Jews established, in part of historic Israel, a State, and the Arabs, given
the opportunity, refused to establish an indendent state, on the theory that “
no cake” is better than “half a cake”. Israel survived 1948, Nasser’s
manipulations in 1956, the Six Day Way, and more. But the questions remained.
So, I went back to my notes and I found an essay I have written, when I was
still a college undergrad, and was published, in the letters column, by one of
the greatest literary journals of the period, the Saturday Review of Literature,</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> April 26, 1969, edited at that time by Norman Cousins. By way of
reference, if today, your doctor is treating you, not<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>only physically, but also on the basis of
improving your mood and attitude during severe illness, thank Norman Cousins,
who shifted medical attitudes by recording his own battle with severe illness.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shapetype coordsize="21600,21600" filled="f" id="_x0000_t75" o:preferrelative="t" o:spt="75" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" stroked="f">
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0.2pt; text-align: left;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">So, here is my essay, written just a few years
after the 6 Day War, when Israel sat atop Golan, Sinai, and the West Bank, and
waited for the Arab nations to sit down and talk peace. There was, at that
time, the Khartoum Declaration, 3 Nos:<span style="background: white; color: #202122;"> no peace with Israel, no recognition of Israel, no negotiations with
it, <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0.2pt; text-align: left;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnyvShfKmmdNYgtfHkFiO-cJpYI4OsTp68tqUINTzuc8av6vSQ-35pmDVp9ThNJBpNRKxHE6GGexa0bLU0DDyJnejqVIobLdfqqKEveDoYKHTI04znmduqkLFdhCbSNHYfFP89OCtkv-M1bP1Y7zpOxLvJel8dETv6t3DbB7_v0_pnGXPrmh188IFxLjBL/s6458/1969%20Letter%20Saturday%20Review%20on%20Israel_000016%20B%20&%20W.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="6458" data-original-width="4958" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnyvShfKmmdNYgtfHkFiO-cJpYI4OsTp68tqUINTzuc8av6vSQ-35pmDVp9ThNJBpNRKxHE6GGexa0bLU0DDyJnejqVIobLdfqqKEveDoYKHTI04znmduqkLFdhCbSNHYfFP89OCtkv-M1bP1Y7zpOxLvJel8dETv6t3DbB7_v0_pnGXPrmh188IFxLjBL/w492-h640/1969%20Letter%20Saturday%20Review%20on%20Israel_000016%20B%20&%20W.jpg" width="492" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0.2pt; text-align: left;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I think, for a
college junior, I made a great case for the historicity of the Jewish presence
in ancient Israel. Keep in mind, that before Google, you had to actually read a
book to find information!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="left" class="MsoBodyText" style="line-height: 150%; margin-top: 0.2pt; text-align: left;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><b><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Disputed Palestine<o:p></o:p></span></i></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">DAVID SHOBE [Book Forum, Apr. 12] claims that from 638 to 1250 A.D.
Palestine was ruled by Arabs. I will grant that it was ruled by Arabic-speaking
peoples, but it was as Moslems that these people viewed themselves, not as</span></i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <i>Arabs. That is why Saladin, whom Mr. Shobe claims as an Arab,
could restore Moslem rule to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Palestine,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>even though he was
Kurdish,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>not<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Arabic ,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>by birth.<o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Mr. Shobe plays down the Jewish occupancy, claiming Jewish rule
extended from 1020 to 721 B.C. This is ridiculous: 1020 is already halfway into
the reign of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>King Saul, centuries after
the conquest of Palestine by Joshua. I trust more<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>record of the Pharaoh Merneptah,
who<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>1230 B.C., claimed to have conquered "the people of Israel."
Perhaps Mr. Shobe does not consider a people to rule over an area until they
are united under a monarchy, in which case one would insist that there never
was an ancient Greece , since it was divided into several city-states .<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">For your reference:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="A stone with carvings on it
Description automatically generated" id="_x0000_i1028" style="height: 256.2pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 190.8pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="A stone with carvings on it
Description automatically generated" src="file:///C:/Users/norof/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbTwI3xOUsNwM2XkIi4kaIKzHqxKrogqTkz7YdyQWM8K_Job7sM7TV9Wi5uoMNvBrZczLinzTfPpy5F8NKKw3BeyhP5l0121Uad4wai9rNDqCXIwODcMriI2iTdO5ueEiYGuP3g08LbrAafHtwhc1mAeCiRPvt66yeqtc4DXXXeSaREbk-3WRA_K26OkDi/s3860/Merenptah_stele.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="3860" data-original-width="2869" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbTwI3xOUsNwM2XkIi4kaIKzHqxKrogqTkz7YdyQWM8K_Job7sM7TV9Wi5uoMNvBrZczLinzTfPpy5F8NKKw3BeyhP5l0121Uad4wai9rNDqCXIwODcMriI2iTdO5ueEiYGuP3g08LbrAafHtwhc1mAeCiRPvt66yeqtc4DXXXeSaREbk-3WRA_K26OkDi/w477-h640/Merenptah_stele.jpg" width="477" /></a></div><br /><o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Merneptah Stele Inscription “<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites"><span style="background: white; color: #3366cc;">Israel</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"> is laid waste—its seed is no more.”<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This reference is to
the existence of Israelites in the land of Canaan even before the conquest by
the children of Israel- because we understand from Jacob’s own words, that he
had taken Shechem in his day:B’charbi u’bekashti-with my sword and my bow.</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>other<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>date<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Mr.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shobe<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>gives<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>is 721B.C. , but it is only the date<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>fall<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>of the Northern Kingdom ( Israel ) to Assyria. He ignores<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>fact<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the Southern Kingdom<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Judah)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>remained<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>until<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>586<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>B.C., when Jerusalem was destroyed by the Babylonians. <o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">How else do we
know that there were ancient Israelites and Judeans there, since the Bible is
considered a one-sided evidence?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgSP9ATVffhF6Nuylxj8RmQukZDeik818ZmgkuL66GuHMYYds9PLzbHVIZzcIahIdeG9D7y7z2ZwjxvRus7T7ZYzVbkObPg_1_OUT8qoYj5OYqn335AeOm3g1-_SdXdzFIh3A1Oi83cDDORsEEQbvhZz9SUHIuUZyYnTotfb386Rn5cOvvdEut08s8H5xK/s440/440px-Siloam_Inscription_2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="211" data-original-width="440" height="306" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhgSP9ATVffhF6Nuylxj8RmQukZDeik818ZmgkuL66GuHMYYds9PLzbHVIZzcIahIdeG9D7y7z2ZwjxvRus7T7ZYzVbkObPg_1_OUT8qoYj5OYqn335AeOm3g1-_SdXdzFIh3A1Oi83cDDORsEEQbvhZz9SUHIuUZyYnTotfb386Rn5cOvvdEut08s8H5xK/w640-h306/440px-Siloam_Inscription_2.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="A stone with writing on it
Description automatically generated" id="Picture_x0020_1" o:spid="_x0000_i1027" style="height: 79.8pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 165pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="A stone with writing on it
Description automatically generated" src="file:///C:/Users/norof/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image003.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">An inscription
found in the 1880, in an underground water tunnel, at the Siloam spring(
Shiloach), verifying the Bible’s account of the digging of such a tunnel by
King Hezekiah.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzZb_9B3neKQ4Tn_xjMQg4g73jeuOGhAJerhc3k9YHxQoLYtYKUlSaJV8c1VCGtX-AEisFBf0hKzCclgNIUBcwKIeJSZhHYOjvP2Ew4K1rFitvxZoDJCuBE8pyvmJwOVmyhWCloySJyxH594X83VmTHJ_1W4y4I5IUPWS1r60vIwwOwB6vuUQ_28SgP-ta/s679/440px-P1120870_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_de_M%C3%A9sha_AO5066_rwk.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="679" data-original-width="440" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzZb_9B3neKQ4Tn_xjMQg4g73jeuOGhAJerhc3k9YHxQoLYtYKUlSaJV8c1VCGtX-AEisFBf0hKzCclgNIUBcwKIeJSZhHYOjvP2Ew4K1rFitvxZoDJCuBE8pyvmJwOVmyhWCloySJyxH594X83VmTHJ_1W4y4I5IUPWS1r60vIwwOwB6vuUQ_28SgP-ta/w414-h640/440px-P1120870_Louvre_st%C3%A8le_de_M%C3%A9sha_AO5066_rwk.jpeg" width="414" /></a></div><br /><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="A close-up of a stone
Description automatically generated" id="Picture_x0020_2" o:spid="_x0000_i1026" style="height: 255pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 165pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="A close-up of a stone
Description automatically generated" src="file:///C:/Users/norof/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image004.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Moabite
Steel, by King Meesha, paralleling the Israelite version, around 840 BCE. Our
version says we won, his version says he won, but otherwise, the accounts
agree.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiglzj-N82fYAHbNz4qpKfTu334dXZLCZO1c3c48QvJLvWjsSpj0ORX0DeDLTPbnM_rZV_0dD0xFQ5cWsiUEFLT5ccMmISAEb3YYi8irvzLgcAS7Wz7DkUPTVZvlQN0z8alqxMaCRLnw2Xbqa1yDPAukAAON7Ir6Xo_TGd5hlQb2zOdQ8XLK3njfrV_DbvW/s577/Gezer_calendar_close_up.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="577" data-original-width="435" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiglzj-N82fYAHbNz4qpKfTu334dXZLCZO1c3c48QvJLvWjsSpj0ORX0DeDLTPbnM_rZV_0dD0xFQ5cWsiUEFLT5ccMmISAEb3YYi8irvzLgcAS7Wz7DkUPTVZvlQN0z8alqxMaCRLnw2Xbqa1yDPAukAAON7Ir6Xo_TGd5hlQb2zOdQ8XLK3njfrV_DbvW/w482-h640/Gezer_calendar_close_up.jpg" width="482" /></a></div><br /><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><v:shape alt="A stone with writing on it
Description automatically generated" id="Picture_x0020_3" o:spid="_x0000_i1025" style="height: 219pt; mso-wrap-style: square; visibility: visible; width: 165pt;" type="#_x0000_t75">
<v:imagedata o:title="A stone with writing on it
Description automatically generated" src="file:///C:/Users/norof/AppData/Local/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image005.jpg">
</v:imagedata></v:shape></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">A calendar, in
ancient Biblical Hebrew, circa 925 BCE.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">However, despite population deportations by the conquerors,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a large<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>part of the population of both kingdoms<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>remained behind. With the rise of the Persian Empire, the deported Jews
were allowed to return<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>re-establish<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a</span></i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <i>homeland in
538 B.C. ; by 516, they had rebuilt the Temple. Palestine remained occupied by
Jews, but under Persian and Greek rule till 167 B.C., when , by revolution ,
the Jews won their independence; this lasted till 63 B.C.. when the Romans took
control.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, the Jews retained much
autonomy till 44 A.D. <o:p></o:p></i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Because of increasing Roman oppression there was a revolution<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>lasted from<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>67 to the destruction
of Jerusalem in 70 A.D. with resistance continuing for three more years till
the fall of Masada. This is generally considered the end of Jewish rule; however,
from 115-117 A.D. in Egypt, Cyrene, Cyprus, and Mesopotamia And from 132-135
A.D. in Palestine under Bar Kochba, more wars for independence<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>were fought. Although the deaths from these
revolts ran well into the hundreds of thousands , there remained a Jewish community
in Palestine, which was ruled by a patriarchate. This government lasted
till<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>425 A.D., when it was abolished by
a Christian emperor. The Jewish community itself remained<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Palestine<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>until<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Crusaders
wiped<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>out<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>large<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>part<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the population; however,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jews<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>soon<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>returned and re-established
enclaves in Palestine that still exist.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Jewish rule, whether as a union of tribes , as a monarchy, or as a
patriarchate, lasted from at least 1230 B.C . to 425 A.D., at least 1,655
years, not 200 years as Mr. Shobe claims.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What did we
produce in those years the author claimed we had already vanished?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The final
consensus body of the Bible.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Apocrypha,
books that were not incorporated into the Bible.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Dead Sea
Scrolls.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Pharisaic
Judaism.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Early
Christianity ( till it split off).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">After the Roman
destruction of Jerusalem and the rebranding of Judea as Palestina, we continued
to produce in the land of Israel:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The
pre-Mishnaic codes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The core
structure of Jewish prayer, shared by Jews everywhere as well as religious
poetry, the Piyutim still used today.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Mishnah,
the foundation of Jewish Law.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The
Palestinian, or better, the Yerushalmi ( Jerusalem) version of Talmud.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The major
Midrashic compendia.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The
authoritative scroll of the Torah, used world wide.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The
authoritative punctuated and vocalized edition of the Bible, used world-wide,
and the basis for major Bible translations used by Christians today.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Even after the
Crusades, which damaged the extent Jewish community heavily, we continued to
produce:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The major
system of Kabbalah, of the Ari, Lurianic Kabbalah.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The foundation
code of Jewish law, the Shulkhan Arukh.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Major works of
Jewish liturgy-Lecha Dodi, Yah Ribbon.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Even our
Messianic rebellion, under Shabtai Zvi, had its base in, of all places, Gaza!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">All of this was
done, when even by common belief, Jews were no longer present.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<h1 style="background: white; line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-font-style: italic; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">By the
way, you may have seen interviews of ordinary West Bank Palestinians, as to
what major leaders or figures the people of Palestine have produced ( besides
Yaser Arafat, born in Egypt), they will tell you—zilch! You can watch this on
your own:</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <a href="https://youtu.be/deiShtWReYE?si=K0t6GkRopHqv_Dxq">https://youtu.be/deiShtWReYE?si=K0t6GkRopHqv_Dxq</a>
</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #0f0f0f; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Palestinians: Name an important Palestinian in
history?<o:p></o:p></span></span></h1>
<h1 style="background: white;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="color: #0f0f0f; font-size: 12pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;"><o:p> </o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Michael Spear 's prattle about Aryan races [Book Forum, Apr. 12]
could only have been taken<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>from<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>same<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>experts<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>that taught Hitler. Mr. Spear knows nothing of either "races"
or language groups.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">His first term is Hamitic--this is now used to refer to the ancient
Egyptians, and today's Coptics and Ethiopians, as a language group. Although
the Canaanites were called the "sons of Ham" in the Bible, they were Semites,
as were most of the other peoples<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mr.
Spear mentioned.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The terms Semites, Aryans, and Hamites are not racial, but
linguistic. Semitic languages are spoken today only by the Israelis and the
Arabs , but in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>past,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>they<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>were the languages of the Mesopotamian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>valley, the Fertile Crescent, and the Arabian
Penninsula. Aryan refers to the language group that originated in the Iranian
plateau and spread to Europe,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>where<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>these<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>people formed the Germanic, Romance, and Slavic languages of today,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>India,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>where they developed Sanskrit and modern
Hindi. Any linguist will affirm that the resemblance of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Semitic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Aryan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>languages is nil.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
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</w:wrap></v:line><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">There were two movements of Indo Europeans ( the term is preferrable
to Aryan because of the Nazi connotations) into Palestine. The first came in
the seventeenth century B.C. ( not 3800 B.C.) and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>were soon absorbed by the population. The so
called "Jewish nose," which appears in only 14 per cent of the Jewish
population, is characteristic of this "Aryan" people. The second
group were the refugees of the Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations of Crete and
Greece, who came to Palestine as the Philistines at the same time that Joshua
led the Israelites in.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 1in;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">lt is true that in 3800 B.C. there were non-Semites in the
Mesopotamian Valley but they were not Aryans. The Sumerians, not the
Akkadians, were there, and they spoke a language of an unidentified group. The
Akkadians came to Mesopotamia some time afterwards,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>adopted<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>culture of the Sumerians , but retained their
Semitic tongue. Mr. Spear now confuses these Akkadians with the Amorites, who
did not appear till the twenty-first century B.C., when they left the desert
and overran the Sumero-Akkadians to the east ( Hammurabi, the law-maker of
Babylon , was an Amorite) and entered Palestine to the west, to form, with
other Semitic predecessors, the Canaanite peoples that greeted Abraham. The
Amorites were closely related to the Hebrews - common Amorite names were Abram,
Jacob, Benjamin, Zebulun.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
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" o:spid="_x0000_s1026" strokeweight=".16944mm" style="left: 0px; mso-height-percent: 0; mso-height-relative: page; mso-position-horizontal-relative: page; mso-position-horizontal: absolute; mso-position-vertical-relative: text; mso-position-vertical: absolute; mso-width-percent: 0; mso-width-relative: page; mso-wrap-distance-bottom: 0; mso-wrap-distance-left: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-right: 9pt; mso-wrap-distance-top: 0; mso-wrap-style: square; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; z-index: 251664384;" to="194.55pt,34.55pt">
<w:wrap anchorx="page">
</w:wrap></v:line><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Hebrew tribes were themselves part of a large group of peoples
speaking an Aramaic-Semitic dialect. These people came into Syria and Palestine
in the second half of the second millennium. The Hebrews, however, adopted<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>almost<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>entirely<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the language of the
Canaanites, and this became Hebrew. Without a doubt, the Hebrews not only
adopted the language and the customs, but also absorbed the population by
intermarriage.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Arabs were merely the last wave of Semitic expansion out of the
desert.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Just an aside,
there is a Palestinian case that their DNA is that of the original Canaanites.
That’s their claim, a genetic claim. I won’t go into the nitty-gritty of DNA
genealogical research, but Jewish DNA, even the “Ashkenazic” white European
colonialists, is basically similar. Palestinians show more input from the
Arabian Peninsula, while Ashkenazim show more influence from Italy, La Dolce
Vita. However, basing on DNA can be a racist tool. The true question of
indigeneity is what culture does the claimant bear? The only peoples who
adhere, and have adhered consistently, to the indigenous culture of the land of
Israel, are the Samaritans, who bear what may be the traditions of northern
Israel, and the Jews, Judeans. We bear in the Hebrew Bible, the traditions of
both ancient Israelite kingdoms, the wars against the Canaanite and Phoenician
Baal, and the poetry of ancient Canaan. We bear the use of the ancient language
of the Land of Israel, Hebrew, as well as the variation of the old alef-bet
which we now use. We took the land of Israel with us wherever we went. We
refused to give in to the colonizers and conquerors, wherever we were. The
Palestinians no longer bear that indigenous heritage, but , to the most part,
if they are descendants of the original Israelites, then they betrayed that
heritage when they adopted either the Greek and Latin versions of Christianity,
or Islam and <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the Arabic language.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Mr. Spear mentions the Khibiri ( habiru, hapiru , abiru) of Tel el
Amarna fame. However, this<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>does<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>not<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>refer<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>an<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ethnic<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>language group, but means a class of wandering
laborers, mercenaries, and semi-nomads; each one of the peoples mentioned had
their beginnings as Khibiru.<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Norbert<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Weinberg,<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">New York, N.Y<o:p></o:p></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I think I did a
decent job, at the age of 20, of stating the case for the antiquity of the
Jews.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-42158909840204366332023-11-19T19:15:00.000-08:002023-11-19T19:15:31.768-08:00THE JEW REFUSES TO BE THE HOUSE SLAVE -AND THE WORLD IS SHAKING<p><br /></p><p>Video of discussion:</p><p><a href="https://youtu.be/lqcTyQLCqs8" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/lqcTyQLCqs8</a><br /></p><p><br /></p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">THE JEW REFUSES TO BE THE HOUSE
SLAVE -AND THE WORLD IS SHAKING<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">One of the pioneering movies of the early film
industry was called the <u>Birth of a Nation</u> by DW Griffith. In it ,the
African Americans ,who had been subject to horrible slavery for centuries and had
finally been freed, were now depicted as the evil ones, and the former
slaveholders of the South who rose up against these now freed slaves are
depicted as the heroes of the awakening American nation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Talk about successfully turning heroes into
villains and villains into heroes!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">It gives me a sense of what is happening to us
as Jews today. I read the image that is being broadcast to the world, by
violent riots of pro-Palestinian groups and what is being spread on tic toc and
the like, and I see that we Jews, who have been history’s victims , now are being
portrayed as history’s villains.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Blaming Jews for one’s own failings is nothing
new in history, but we are just watching a particularly malicious variant
unfolding in our own times.<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Bible already hints at the problem of our
being a minority in a foreign land. In the case of Jospeh, Potiphar’s wife harps
on the tune of “Hebrew who plays with us” and Pharaoh claims: “They have become
numerous and too powerful, they will join with the enemy against us (and leave
us!).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Just like D W Griffith, ancient Egyptian
writers also tried blame the Israelite slaves for trying to take over Egypt!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Much of the elements of anti-Semitism predate
even the start of Christianity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Thus, Blood libel was first propagated by
Antiochus’ supporters against Jews, that Jews capture a Greek for sacrifice.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The theological and political foundation for
the continued enslavement and denigration of Jews gets its start under the Romans
and takes root with the rise of “Successor” to Judaism, Christianity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What was an internal conflict among Jews, between
the small Jesus community and the majority of Jews, evolves into a race to put
as much distance between as possible. This is especially so when the Roman
Empire turns full force against Jews in the wars of 70 and 135. The early
Christians wanted to avoid, like the plague, any association with Jews in the Empire.
Therefore, the early Christian texts were re-edited, to shift the blame, on
Jesus’ crucifixion, from the Romans to the Jews. Thus, Matthew 27:<span class="reftext"><b><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">25</span></b></span><span class="highl"><span style="background: whitesmoke; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> </span></span></span><a href="https://biblehub.com/greek/3956.htm" title="3956: pas (Adj-NMS) -- All, the whole, every kind of. Including all the forms of declension; apparently a primary word; all, any, every, the whole."><span style="background: whitesmoke; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">All</span></a><span class="highl"><span style="background: whitesmoke; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></span><a href="https://biblehub.com/greek/3588.htm" title="3588: ho (Art-NMS) -- The, the definite article. Including the feminine he, and the neuter to in all their inflections; the definite article; the."><span style="background: whitesmoke; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">the</span></a><span class="highl"><span style="background: whitesmoke; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></span><a href="https://biblehub.com/greek/2992.htm" title="2992: laos (N-NMS) -- Apparently a primary word; a people."><span style="background: whitesmoke; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">people</span></a><span class="highl"><span style="background: whitesmoke; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></span><a href="https://biblehub.com/greek/611.htm" title="611: apokritheis (V-APP-NMS) -- From apo and krino; to conclude for oneself, i.e. to respond; by Hebraism to begin to speak."><span style="background: whitesmoke; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">answered,</span></a><span class="highl"><span style="background: whitesmoke; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></span><a href="https://biblehub.com/greek/846.htm" title="846: autou (PPro-GM3S) -- He, she, it, they, them, same. From the particle au; the reflexive pronoun self, used of the third person, and of the other persons."><span style="background: whitesmoke; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“His</span></a><span class="highl"><span style="background: whitesmoke; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></span><a href="https://biblehub.com/greek/129.htm" title="129: haima (N-NNS) -- Blood, literally, figuratively or specially; by implication, bloodshed, also kindred."><span style="background: whitesmoke; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">blood</span></a><span class="highl"><span style="background: whitesmoke; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></span><a href="https://biblehub.com/greek/1909.htm" title="1909: eph’ (Prep) -- On, to, against, on the basis of, at. "><span style="background: whitesmoke; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">be on</span></a><span class="highl"><span style="background: whitesmoke; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></span><a href="https://biblehub.com/greek/1473.htm" title="1473: hēmas (PPro-A1P) -- I, the first-person pronoun. A primary pronoun of the first person I."><span style="background: whitesmoke; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">us</span></a><span class="highl"><span style="background: whitesmoke; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></span><a href="https://biblehub.com/greek/2532.htm" title="2532: kai (Conj) -- And, even, also, namely. "><span style="background: whitesmoke; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">and</span></a><span class="highl"><span style="background: whitesmoke; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></span><a href="https://biblehub.com/greek/1909.htm" title="1909: epi (Prep) -- On, to, against, on the basis of, at. "><span style="background: whitesmoke; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">on</span></a><span class="highl"><span style="background: whitesmoke; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></span><a href="https://biblehub.com/greek/1473.htm" title="1473: hēmōn (PPro-G1P) -- I, the first-person pronoun. A primary pronoun of the first person I."><span style="background: whitesmoke; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">our</span></a><span class="highl"><span style="background: whitesmoke; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></span><a href="https://biblehub.com/greek/5043.htm" title="5043: tekna (N-ANP) -- A child, descendent, inhabitant. From the base of timoria; a child."><span style="background: whitesmoke; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">children!”</span></a><span class="highl"><span style="background: whitesmoke; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Jew is then endowed with demonic
attributes:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">John 8:44<span class="woj"><b><sup><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">: </span></sup></b></span><span class="woj"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">You belong to your father, the
devil, and you want to carry out your father’s desires. He was a
murderer from the beginning, not holding to the truth, for there is no truth in
him. When he lies, he speaks his native language, for he is a liar and the
father of lies.</span></span><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> “<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Deicide (God-killer)
and the Jew condemned to eternal wandering become the regnant motif of western
civilization.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The conflict is flamed by the early church
thinkers. Church Fathers, such as </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Chrysostom" title="John Chrysostom"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">John Chrysostom</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">, went further in their condemnation:<b><span style="background: white; color: black;"> </span></b><span style="background: white; color: black;">Against the Jews. Homily 1</span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">:<span style="background: white; color: black;">
(6) Although such beasts are unfit for work, they are fit for killing. And this
is what happened to the Jews: while they were making themselves unfit for work,
they grew fit for slaughter. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The split is grounded in Roman law-Theodosius
code: In 404, Jews were excluded from certain governmental posts. In 418, they
were barred from the </span><span style="color: black; mso-themecolor: text1;">civil
service,</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> and from all military positions.</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire#cite_note-Linder281-6"></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> In 425, they were excluded from all remaining public offices, both
civilian and military—a prohibition which </span>Justinian I <span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">reinforced.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Continued in 1215 in the Lateran Council as Jews
are forced to wear distinct clothes (yellow badge, borrowed from Islam) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This subjugation of the Jews, suffered only to
be preserved in order to bear witness to Christianity, continued until the
early modern times. So, no one less than the father of the Protestant
Reformation, the man who single-handedly broke the power of the Catholic Church
and ushered in the modern era with the idea of the centrality of individual
conscience, Martin Luther, was himself the author of a miserable work, <u>On
the Jews and Their Lies</u>, a work that was republished many times under the
Third Reich.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Therefore, be
on your guard against the Jews, knowing that wherever they have their synagogues,
nothing is found but a den of devils in which sheer self-glory, conceit,
lies, blasphemy, and defaming of God and men are practiced most
maliciously and vehemently with his eyes on them.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Jews were tolerated in Europe because they were
useful to the rulers. T<span style="background: white; color: #202122;">he Emperor
of the Holy Roman Empire, as legal successor to </span><span style="background: white; color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Titus </span><span style="background: white; color: #202122;">claimed the rights of possession and
protection over all the Jews in the former Roman empire.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="background: white; color: #202122; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Jews<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>had the status of <b>Servi camerae regis</b> (</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" title="Latin"><span style="background: white; color: #3366cc; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Latin</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #202122; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">) "servants of the royal chamber”, or slave. Similarly,
in England, under the Norman conquerors, the Jews were brought in as Property
of the King,” Chattels”.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">As the King’s property, they could not be
harmed by the mobs (although they were) but also, as property, they could be
disposed of, as trash, when no longer useful. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">At best, the Jew could live as a bird in a
gilded cage--gilded, but still a cage—and when the Jew became too useful for
the Royalty, and the crowds were aroused, the Jew was dispatched.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /><!--[endif]--></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhesNxQ2Bv-xH0_bwSaxcqapZELg2yRYfp2WB1wgJy_0H158aViRBP4JcTS83f3CGP8EiaQWA-KN9FksGY7_UYCCpegKRMGa9uQ8nzWL2MP5CDBVorfMP-mOZy6Hkiv9tJZqODgIN0d0NjyqXkDOF1NhB41EzEK1Lede3B3Yopk18Yswdwt9545QlIoAaTP/s874/Flugblatt4_Joseph_S%C3%BC%C3%9F_Oppenheimer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="874" data-original-width="512" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhesNxQ2Bv-xH0_bwSaxcqapZELg2yRYfp2WB1wgJy_0H158aViRBP4JcTS83f3CGP8EiaQWA-KN9FksGY7_UYCCpegKRMGa9uQ8nzWL2MP5CDBVorfMP-mOZy6Hkiv9tJZqODgIN0d0NjyqXkDOF1NhB41EzEK1Lede3B3Yopk18Yswdwt9545QlIoAaTP/w374-h640/Flugblatt4_Joseph_S%C3%BC%C3%9F_Oppenheimer.jpg" width="374" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Jew, like Joseph Suess Oppenheimer, could
only go so far, until he is hung in that gilded cage.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">As we entered the modern era of the west, our
status as free and equal citizens was given slowly, and grudgingly, and often
taken back!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Modern antisemitism in Europe gave the world’s
oldest hatred a new intellectual veneer. Thus, it was given a leftist-class
basis, under Karl Marx, who wrote “On the Jewish Question, “Zur den Judenfrage”,
before he wrote his “Das Kapital.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“In the final
analysis, the emancipation of the Jews is the emancipation of mankind
from Judaism. . What, in itself, was the basis of the Jewish religion?
Practical need, egoism…. The monotheism of the Jew, therefore, is in reality
the polytheism of the many needs, a polytheism which makes even the lavatory an
object of divine law. …The social emancipation of the Jew is
the emancipation of society from Judaism.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">There was the
modern, rightist, race and nation based variant on the theme, and,
appropriately, it was termed, in answer <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>to Marx,” Endloesung zur Judenfrage”—The Final
solution for the Jewish Question.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">It is vital to note--Modern Christians have
changed greatly in their preaching, especially the Catholic Church, as well as
the major Protestant denominations, many openly Zionist .It is rare, indeed, to
find an antisemite of religious conviction in the Christian world. But
Christianity, as it is in Europe, for example, is a fading force.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">But, just as
Christianity has shifted away from the Judeophobic roots, relinquished its secessionist
outlook and lost its power as well, the Moslem world , in part in reaction to
modernism, has doubled down on Jews. This status of the Jew as the Devil reared
its ugly head even before the context of Israel and Zionism in the Middle East.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">It has long
been claimed that Jews fared better under Islam than under Christianity. While
the claim has merit, it, of course, is only relative, not absolute.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Mohammed rose to power with Jewish allies, and
then, when they fail to back him, he turned on them. What starts because of a political
power struggle became magnified into a fight between Islam and Judaism. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: #FEFEFE; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Say: “People of the Book, …” Whomsoever God has
cursed, and with whom He is wroth, and made some of them apes and swine, and
worshippers of idols — they are worse situated, and have gone further astray
from the right way. (5:64-65)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: #FEFEFE; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="background: #FEFEFE; color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">And He brought down those of the
People of the Book who supported them from their fortresses and cast terror in
their hearts; some you slew, some you made captive. And He bequeathed upon you
their lands, their habitations, and their possessions, and a land you never
trod. God is powerful over everything. (33:26)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: #FEFEFE;"><span style="background: #FEFEFE; color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What may have been said by
Mohammed in his fight for supremacy over the Arabian tribes lent itself only
too easily to actual demonization of the Jews. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: #FEFEFE;"><span style="background: #FEFEFE; color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">It also became a basis to justify lying
about the intentions of the Oslo accords by Arafat:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: #FEFEFE;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This was from the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>secret speech by Yasser Arafat, Johannesburg:
"This agreement, I am not considering it more than the agreement which had
been signed between our Prophet Muhammad and Quraish, and you remember the
Caliph Omar had refused this agreement and considered it "Sulha
Dania" [a despicable truce]. But Muhammad had accepted it, and we are
accepting now this [Oslo] peace accord."</span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"> <a href="https://d.docs.live.net/4cc0b4f08f8509c4/Rabbi/Study%20sheets/Anti%20semitism/Private%20recording"><i><span style="background: white; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.5pt;">Private
recording</span></i></a></span><i><span style="background: white; color: grey; font-family: "Calibri",sans-serif; font-size: 14.5pt;"> | </span></i><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">May 10, 1994, <a href="https://youtu.be/37xnaqF-6B4?si=nQHjPFYzQc8_9yg1">https://youtu.be/37xnaqF-6B4?si=nQHjPFYzQc8_9yg1</a></span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p style="background: #FEFEFE;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: #FEFEFE;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As explained by those who know Islam, that
treaty, the Hudaybiyyah peace treaty, which called for a 10-year truce was
broken by Muhammad in two years. Arafat hinted to his followers that these
accords, too, were destined to be broken.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The original restrictions which Mohammed placed
on the Jewish tribes he conquered were reinforced and increased in the Hadith(Oral
traditions)-Especially of Al Bukhari, who is considered the authority behind
most Islamic militants today. This statement is part of the charter of Hamas,
for example.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Day of Judgement will not come about until
Muslims fight the Jews, when the Jew will hide behind stones and trees. The
stones and trees will say O Muslims, O Abdullah, there is a Jew behind me, come
and kill him. Only the Gharkad tree, (the </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxthorn" title="Boxthorn"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Boxthorn</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> tree) would not do that
because it is one of the trees of the Jews. (related by al-Bukhari and Muslim).</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Sahih Muslim</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">, </span><a href="http://cmje.usc.edu/religious-texts/hadith/muslim/041-smt.php#041.6985"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">41:6985</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Even with Islamic so-called tolerance there
were limits.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">From Robert Wistrich, <u>Muslim Anti-Semitism</u>:
p 6ff<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">… their existence from Morocco to Iran was punctuated by
misery, humiliation, and popular violence… the greatest of medieval Jewish
philosophers, Maimonides, to refer bitterly to the “nation of Ishmael, who persecute
us severely, and who devise ways to harm us and debase us.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The legal status of Jews and Christians …that of <i>dhimmis
</i>(“protected peoples”), whose religions were officially recognized by the
authorities. On payment of a poll tax <i>(jîzya)</i>, they could freely
practice their faiths, enjoy a certain degree of personal security, and have
their own communal organizations. But the protection afforded to the “peoples
of the Book” <i>(ahl al-kitab) </i>was combined with subjugation; the
“tolerance” they benefited from existed within a social framework of
discrimination and disabilities that constantly emphasized the superiority of Muslims
to both Jews and Christians.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Jews could not, for example, bear arms; they could not
ride horses; they were required to wear distinctive clothing (the yellow badge
had its origins in Baghdad, not in medieval Europe); and they were forbidden to
build new places of worship. Their <i>dhimmi </i>status, as elaborated by
Muslim jurists from the inception of Islam until the early twentieth century,
has been succinctly summarized as follows:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dhimmis </span></i><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">were often considered impure(najes) and had to be segregated from the
Muslim community. Entry into holy Muslim towns, mosques, public baths, as well
as certain streets was forbidden them. Their turbans—when they were permitted
to wear them —their costumes, belts, shoes, the appearance of their wives and their
servants had to be different from those of Muslims in order to distinguish and
humiliate them; for the <i>dhimmis </i>could never be allowed to forget that
they were inferior beings.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Even in Golden Age of Spain, there were periods
pogroms in Cordoba and Granada, of forced conversion and expulsion, as under
the Almohades. Jews were exiled from capital of Yemen, Sana-Galut Mauza 1600’s.
those in walled towns had to live outside the wall, exposed to enemy attack. In
Iran, there were harsh laws restricting Jews, with forced conversion in Isfahan
1600’s, and Mashad in the 1800’s.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">It is true that these laws applied also to
Christians—however, as Europe became increasingly powerful, especially after
the Reconquista- the local Christians could count on protection from their
European protectors. Jews had no protectors!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Even into the beginnings of the modern era,
one can find the enforcement of the orphan’s law, as in Yemen- every baby is
born a Muslim, and it is only his parents who misguide the baby. Therefore,
when a child becomes and orphan, he or she now belongs to the local ruler and
is taken form the family and raised as a Muslim. The only exception was for
those already married, and therefore, in Yemen, it was common to arrange for
child-marriages in order to prevent the child from being kidnapped.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Even till today, Islam allows for a negotiated
settlement between families of the murderer and the murdered, in lieu of death penalty.
However, the settlement price for a Jew is far less than the price for either a
Christian or a Muslim, and that was the law in Iran till this century.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Now, as we enter the modern period, the
Islamic world is influenced by trends, for good, and for bad, from Europe—and,
regarding Jews, the worst of both left and right. The idea of <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Nationalist</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> anti-Semitism, for example. The term anti-Semite is invented by William
Barr to describe his new movement, an attack on Jews as an alien race, but
never meant as an attack on Arabs, who were seen as a nobler race. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Jew as a distinct and permanently alien
nation has no place inside the host nation. Theodore Herzl understood this very
well.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">It is no wonder that the Mufti of Jerusalem
could feel comfortable at a tete a tete with Adolph Hitler and lead the Bosnian
SS during WWII.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What was a distinctly European form found
fertile soil in the rising Arab nationalism, which begins to see the Jew as
alien. Riots break out against Jews, not just in pre-State Palestine, but
around the Arab world, such as the Farhood in Baghdad. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Thus, there is the denial of rights to Jews in
the newly freed colonies of North Africa. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Albert Memmi-great ideologist of Tunisian
independence, colleague of Franz Fanon:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“We would have liked to be Arab Jews. If we
abandoned the idea, it is because over the centuries the Moslem Arabs
systematically prevented its realization by their contempt and cruelty. It is
now too late for us to become Arab Jews. Not only were the homes of Jews in
Germany and Poland torn down, scattered to the four winds, demolished, but our
homes as well. . .. Never, I repeat, never - with the possible exception of two
or three very specific intervals such as the Andalusian, and not even then -
did the Jews in Arab lands live in other than a humiliated state, vulnerable
and periodically mistreated and murdered, so that they should clearly remember
their place. [https://www.jimena.org/who-is-an-arab-jew/].”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">So, like Jud Suess in Germany, Jews in Arab lands,
at best, were in a gilded cage, and at a whim, could be eliminated.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRgSUyyH1mRXBmsSor4yj89B340hafNu0nznhEYAqhUbeCQEruTcQlQsqE93C6ehabTZr0nJINGu13tLDd7YSQQu0BsB3odQgpGbLlS-TZWiZ5p7ZFJ1oj2akiXdFhRL2Rns8m_4fkPfoIwOtObvTEHr4n9JhwZ8BhnYh-MILz6LLcI7kmKSJxxX4ynBhJ/s640/Iraq%20hanging.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="640" height="486" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRgSUyyH1mRXBmsSor4yj89B340hafNu0nznhEYAqhUbeCQEruTcQlQsqE93C6ehabTZr0nJINGu13tLDd7YSQQu0BsB3odQgpGbLlS-TZWiZ5p7ZFJ1oj2akiXdFhRL2Rns8m_4fkPfoIwOtObvTEHr4n9JhwZ8BhnYh-MILz6LLcI7kmKSJxxX4ynBhJ/w640-h486/Iraq%20hanging.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Public hanging of Jews in Baghdad, 1969. The
same happened to the leader of the Jewish community in Iran when Khomeini took
charge.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I look at the historic response to the Jewish
desire to return to the land of Israel. Set aside the claim that to do so meant
the displacement of the existing Arabs of the land that was designated as
Palestine. That land was itself underpopulated and neglected after centuries of
Ottoman rule. When Jews came in, prosperity came with it, and the Arab
population increased in tandem.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Why then was there so much vehemence to an
autonomous Jewish territory in the midst of what would be the Great Arab
Awakening, which would have benefitted so much from the influx of a skilled and
educated population. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The only comparison that I can think of is the
vehement reaction of the Southern whites to the newly freed slaves. I go back
to the DW Griffith movie, Birth of a Nation, Suddenly, the very people upon
whom the white masters stepped on so easily in the ante-bellum South, could be
free, and independent, and raised the hackles of the former slave-holders, who
had indulged themselves in their sense of superiority. The rise of the Ku Klux
Klan in its day was seen as defense of white supremacy, and the newly freed
black was soon put back in his place, by force of law of “Jim Crow”.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I can only see the response of the Arab world,
in the early years of the Zionist movement, acting in the same way as the early
white supremacists—here were the Jews, the former dhimmi, the former lowly,
inferior Jews, acting like equals. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is
no wonder that the founder of the Muslim Brotherhood, Hassan al Banna, was
vehemently a Jew-hater, or that the Mufti of Jerusalem could be at home with
Adolf Hitler.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The horrors unleashed on the Israelis on
October 7 can only be understood in the light of a visceral reaction of the
once superior Arabs now having to deal with their upstart and uppity former
slaves. I can understand the depth of anger the former master holds against his
newly liberated slave. What I can’t understand, is why intelligent, enlightened
people, the product of western liberalism, would side with the masters of the
Middle East and not with the newly freed and emancipated Jew. It’s like siding
with the KKK in the Birth of a Nation movie.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /><!--[endif]--></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt_-JAPacRknVLRQ_g2XCzl-ug4OtBlQaxejQqf3L6E4x1xEOEg7aVibR9g3LPt1khrM4FZzGPbYXtC8xztMP43lUT-fs6XzSGqrMDbKkNjYS1F9SCa6cZDLGtf3wNAY5XkapRUSmebtvYrWDdK32cmivOBM-DkabZKIoFSB1iFTWJUCqeTdPkIZ5vSKGt/s768/Hamas-militants-768x512.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="768" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgt_-JAPacRknVLRQ_g2XCzl-ug4OtBlQaxejQqf3L6E4x1xEOEg7aVibR9g3LPt1khrM4FZzGPbYXtC8xztMP43lUT-fs6XzSGqrMDbKkNjYS1F9SCa6cZDLGtf3wNAY5XkapRUSmebtvYrWDdK32cmivOBM-DkabZKIoFSB1iFTWJUCqeTdPkIZ5vSKGt/w640-h426/Hamas-militants-768x512.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /><!--[endif]--></span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFWqjcvfVu24A0Wv6KzsP_LUmoEy-u8X3xLO93EQ6ZSVX0SdRPzxChOGOECMBKvEWsfr1m62SqBAgQ55cinwGLBmglCdRsUatH6vpmpPJ1H00P6EaqGLaYPfp0CZ4UKk7GJhtTnotXtIV2x5Cxjc3kbpVhP-euTiIScTrrssAIVJJa3ZepBONJrj1tn2v8/s640/Klan_Gathering.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="478" data-original-width="640" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFWqjcvfVu24A0Wv6KzsP_LUmoEy-u8X3xLO93EQ6ZSVX0SdRPzxChOGOECMBKvEWsfr1m62SqBAgQ55cinwGLBmglCdRsUatH6vpmpPJ1H00P6EaqGLaYPfp0CZ4UKk7GJhtTnotXtIV2x5Cxjc3kbpVhP-euTiIScTrrssAIVJJa3ZepBONJrj1tn2v8/w640-h478/Klan_Gathering.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 183.75pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">,<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /><p></p>Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-22067394175627186392023-11-07T16:17:00.001-08:002023-11-08T13:03:28.650-08:00The Unkindest Cut of All Part III --On Jews and other enablers of Hamas with a lookback 75 years<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Unkindest Cut of All-Part III</span><span> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: medium;">On Jews and other enablers of Hamas with a lookback 75 years</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">This
last Thursday and Friday November 8th and 9th marked 85 years since the dreaded
Kristallnacht or as it is often translated into English,The Night of Broken Glass.
I don't need to belabor details as to what it signified. I do have in my own
family records a note that my grandmother in Vienna was among those attacked at
that time and then shortly afterwards my grandparents were able to escape to
Switzerland and my father and uncle headed off to Czechoslovakia.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">It
has been 85 years since ,and I know that we Jews around the world had felt much
more safe and secure since the rise of the state of Israel. We had been
accustomed to saving Jews in the middle of the hijacking to in Entebbe or the
airlifting of Jews to safety throughout the Middle East and Africa in the
intervening years. After the Six Day War and the Yom Kippur War, and more
recently, with the potential alliances with various Arab countries, we could
allow ourselves into a dream of security. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">None
of us could have imagined the horror of something worse than a Kristallnacht or
something worse than the worst pogroms of
the past but, that did happen on October 7. We have marked the shloshim the 30
days of mourning for those who are dead yet we know that our mourning, both in Israel, and out, is not ended.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">Last
week, I allowed myself to vent on those who tried to pin the blame on Israel,
or create some kind of equivalency, whether by international authorities or
even local media. <o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">I
turn now to my central gripe: history repeats itself, or, déjà vu all over
again.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">I have been </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">in the midst of looking for material from my
father’s documents for a special exhibit to be opened in December in Frankfurt,
Germany, on the 75th anniversary of the re-establishing of the Jewish community
after the Holocaust. As you may know, my father, Rabbi Dr William Weinberg,
served as the first State Rabbi of Hesse, but before that, he worked with the
DP camps in Austria.</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">I published a book about his years up through
Soviet exile and, I hope, one day, to follow up with an account of the years
helping survivors rebuild their lives. In the process</span> I found three articles of his, from the very first years
after the Holocaust, to be eerily relevant to what we are seeing today,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">First, you can hear, very loudly, the justification
that the Palestinians are, after all, suffering at the hands of Jews, qua
Zionists, for 56, then 75, and, yes 100 years. We should not be surprised if
they raped, beheaded, tortured, and kidnapped. It’s “ distributive justice.”</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Student groups
at</span><a href="https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2023/10/10/psc-statement-backlash/"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Harvard</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> decried Israel as “entirely
responsible” for Hamas’ attack; groups at the</span><a href="https://www.politico.com/news/2023/10/21/colleges-israel-hamas-war-00122845"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> University of Virginia</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> went a
step further in saying that “colonized people can resist occupation of their
land by whatever means they deem necessary”; and groups at Tufts took the cake
by praising Hamas’ ingenious </span><a href="https://cbsaustin.com/news/nation-world/tufts-student-group-praises-hamas-terrorists-for-creativity-of-attack-on-israel-university-palestine-invasion-terrorism-middle-east-conflict-massachusetts-medford-harvard"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">creativity</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/community/articles/hamas-slaughtered-wokeness"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/community/articles/hamas-slaughtered-wokeness</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Now, Jewish students are being physically attacked
on campuses at Tulane and elsewhere.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Sadly, for us, the protests by the
pro-Palestinian camp are very rough and aggressive, and a local Jewish
pro-Israel protestor , Paul Kessler, was knocked to the ground and killed by a
pro-Palestinian protestor just this past Sunday. Violence by the
pro-Palestinian side is not knew—we saw similar attacks on Jews here just two
years ago by the “fellow travelers” and “useful idiots” of Hamas.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">
</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">All of this anger, against Israel, and by extension,
against Jews, has been , as we have seen, “justified” by apologists for murder.
As I said, déjà vu, just this “ blame the victim” tactic was used against Jews
even while we were still mourning our dead and licking our wounds after the
greatest and almost completely successful attempt at erasing us physically from
this planet.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">So here is how the same apologists for murder
blamed us after the Holocaust in the same tones:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig-fIfqRV83VKcdbGdY_xPbMUEvQ1jaFo-CykfZ_qgYORNpocykrEkDkide_b1wQIDhJ9p0QXOFrqwwQRYu78xKa5_1Rqtjv7-1o8TXJ2Ek9s4OTOKkUSqQWSVLvfN5ouhyphenhyphenPi1fKgF94oz5xSm1D63cI6Lt9QrmeeUbLQmKVc78MG_MK6EOSErxWAT72sD/s567/Non%20mea%20title.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="77" data-original-width="567" height="54" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig-fIfqRV83VKcdbGdY_xPbMUEvQ1jaFo-CykfZ_qgYORNpocykrEkDkide_b1wQIDhJ9p0QXOFrqwwQRYu78xKa5_1Rqtjv7-1o8TXJ2Ek9s4OTOKkUSqQWSVLvfN5ouhyphenhyphenPi1fKgF94oz5xSm1D63cI6Lt9QrmeeUbLQmKVc78MG_MK6EOSErxWAT72sD/w400-h54/Non%20mea%20title.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Not mine, but your fault! </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="DE" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dec 1946, in a German journal, Der Neue Weg.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-HS3HFT-pPNUsLS4xjCQSxo8xld3mOoNh6XBXhRJb8cocBMH-eY5C9WRRJkUrvoBng5TUp8obYPJMtHw7yrX6akp1Xjc6kkAqjWGPNUO1hy9qbbri7ZNMPW_rjlviy7mknO10Q9yesmlqPdDIFHxo3d6zDWHjO8HmA6EMF3x9zKthQ8KuQQeneOdYIZh0/s486/Non%20mea%20open%20parag.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="364" data-original-width="486" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg-HS3HFT-pPNUsLS4xjCQSxo8xld3mOoNh6XBXhRJb8cocBMH-eY5C9WRRJkUrvoBng5TUp8obYPJMtHw7yrX6akp1Xjc6kkAqjWGPNUO1hy9qbbri7ZNMPW_rjlviy7mknO10Q9yesmlqPdDIFHxo3d6zDWHjO8HmA6EMF3x9zKthQ8KuQQeneOdYIZh0/w400-h300/Non%20mea%20open%20parag.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">Now the silence
is broken, and people are speaking lately also to non-Jews about what had
happened to us in the Hitler era. It is therefore not without interest for us
to note that what the Austrian accomplices have to say about the causes . The
final sentences of this article by a. D. Hornbostel: “Anti-Semitism and Jewish
problem" are significant for us.<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">
</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: medium;">We quote the
same verbatim:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“Another
prerequisite for a peaceful and prosperous coexistence with the Jewish elements
in Europe is of course the determination of the Jews themselves to get rid of
all the fatal mistakes and weaknesses that anti-Semitism wants to attack and
incited him to such brutal activity as we have unfortunately had to witness in
the recent past.”</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">In other words, you Jews deserved it!</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Thus, my father summed up the implication:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">“The murder of
6 million Jews in Europe and their plundering were ultimately the expression of
the righteous people's anger. At least that's what it must sound like to the
ears of the average anti-Semitic reader.”…</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“If we're
talking about mistakes, why not talk about your own mistakes at the same time!
Is this the Austrian way of looking for the splinter in your neighbor's eye and
overlooking the beam in your own? …<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Were Hitler,
Seyss-Inquart, Kaltenbrunner, and countless of their accomplices notAustrian? “<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Hence, the opposite of a Catholic confession: I
have not sinned, rather, you have sinned.!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">This after the Holocaust. This same tone was
sounded by political and academic figures here, after the murder, rape, torture
and kidnapping of 2023!</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Democratic Rep. Rashida Tlaib: after a full day
of silence, finally said:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">"I grieve the Palestinian and Israeli
lives lost yesterday, today, and every day," "As long as our country
provides billions in unconditional funding to support the apartheid government,
this heartbreaking cycle of violence will continue." <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Yes, she cries, but it all Israel’s fault (
with US backing, of course).<o:p></o:p></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;">She also had her original interpretation of “
From the River to the Sea”, saying it was merely “aspirational.” So was </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; line-height: 107%;">Endlösung der Judenfrage-The final solution of
the Jewish problem, merely “asprational”.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span color="windowtext" face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Now, we have had actual physical
attacks on Jews on campuses at Tulane and , closer to home, a UC Davis professor
tweeting a call to violence:</span></span><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"> </span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjodUVCEXfoSzEHZ8Kozfy96G6zF1piUkUoRqIEegAk9m-OtbLw38CGlWIj0GrwbeNivAZX4aP4p6ugPBF91vkWVGT4Mdyy2-mINOFrpQV9Zx1D-b1duW8STnyq7uEn6PkRwdQD65_OzBphYCf0b-zvwGXrXstRnA4bHW5_c79mnPJz8AsSnRcyggQAavyz/s587/UC%20Davis%20tweet.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="370" data-original-width="587" height="253" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjodUVCEXfoSzEHZ8Kozfy96G6zF1piUkUoRqIEegAk9m-OtbLw38CGlWIj0GrwbeNivAZX4aP4p6ugPBF91vkWVGT4Mdyy2-mINOFrpQV9Zx1D-b1duW8STnyq7uEn6PkRwdQD65_OzBphYCf0b-zvwGXrXstRnA4bHW5_c79mnPJz8AsSnRcyggQAavyz/w400-h253/UC%20Davis%20tweet.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Read more at:
https://www.sacbee.com/opinion/op-ed/article280938278.html#storylink=cpy<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">So, Non Mea—its not my fault- its your fault,
déjà vu!</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Then, we have those among our Jews, who are
very complacent, living lives of comparative luxury and privilege, who would
disconnect from the entire Jewish affair. Just so in December of 1945, when the
rubbles of war had finally settled in Vienna :</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Wir Sind Quitt: We are even! Are we really!<o:p></o:p></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">( Der Neue Weg)</span></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFmrOnJQ9WvebpCNGRBUV9sSoZ7kLixbpzJW1x2BM4T351IIG8yfEEV6vUidZSSvRQ-CM_7ik0MF4h8Xq6kh2h4zDT0b9U4oQrbaFKu8BNCku0_VqbXAqC2VElkWZ11XygtxTDQGUm2gjGc9cdhKNA7x_UJ55Cv6olDY5sgS2y_71Nq8Cd0bbhwBq576uL/s517/wir%20sind%20quitt.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="264" data-original-width="517" height="204" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhFmrOnJQ9WvebpCNGRBUV9sSoZ7kLixbpzJW1x2BM4T351IIG8yfEEV6vUidZSSvRQ-CM_7ik0MF4h8Xq6kh2h4zDT0b9U4oQrbaFKu8BNCku0_VqbXAqC2VElkWZ11XygtxTDQGUm2gjGc9cdhKNA7x_UJ55Cv6olDY5sgS2y_71Nq8Cd0bbhwBq576uL/w400-h204/wir%20sind%20quitt.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;">Here is a summary of the verbal fight as it
appeared in a journal of Austrian literature (Friedrich Torberg und Hans Weigel
— Zwei Jüdische Schriftsteller im Nachkriegsösterreich :</span><a href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22Evelyn%20Adunka%22"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Evelyn Adunka</span></a><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;">,</span><a href="https://www.jstor.org/journal/modeaustlite"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Modern Austrian
Literature</span></a><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;">, Vol. 27, No. 3/4, Special Issue: The Jewish
Presence in Contemporary Austrian Literature (1994), pp. 213-237 (25 pages) “
Two Jewish writers in post-War Austria”.)</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Hans Weigel was a noted Austrian Jewish
playwright and theater critic, who survived the Holocaust in relative comfort
in Switzerland.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In October 1945 Weigel wrote in an article in
the American-published Wiener Kurier: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">"We have
nothing to blame each other. No one can bring his dead alive.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">With you many
are dead and with us too. But we're even! We don't think too much about
yesterday."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> <span> <span> </span><span> </span></span></o:p></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Wilhelm Weinberg, the later chief rabbi of
Frankfurt am Main, commented on <span> </span><span> </span><span> </span><span> </span>this <span> </span>article in the Vienna Jewish Der Neue Weg
magazine:</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">"Perhaps Mr. Weigel is even - we, the
majority of Jews around the world and here too, Not." Weinberg's disgust
was joined by a second one: Imagine the indignation when Weigel ,"in the
exuberance of "Joy of reunion", was not content with "receipts
of over six and a half million dead," but "also to differentiate
those Jews who do not want to return home," with the equally problematic
sentence: "Because no one is ever forced to return home, only those who
come here will come back, who are the most 'Austrian' elements.”</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">My father went on to contrast this Jewish
writer, who had lived comfortably in Switzerland, and was only too happy to
return to Austria, with the greatest modern German writer, Thomas Mann, who
made the US his new home. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Of the same ilk, as some of you may recall, a
Jewish Chancellor of Austria, Bruno Kreisky, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in the 1970’s, of the same stripe as this
writer, who turned the Socialist movements against Israel, said:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" lang="DE" style="line-height: 107%;">Wenn die Juden ein Volk sind, so ist es ein mieses Volk.«
</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;">Quoted by his press secretary:</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">If Jews are
indeed a people, then they are a “mieses volk”, an ugly people!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="DE" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">( Der Spiegel,
<a href="https://www.spiegel.de/politik/kreisky-die-juden-ein-mieses-volk-a-4c081012-0002-0001-0000-000041376698">https://www.spiegel.de/politik/kreisky-die-juden-ein-mieses-volk-a-4c081012-0002-0001-0000-000041376698</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="DE" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ansi-language: DE; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Surely, though, the most painful of all , has
been the rush to blame Israel by our very own, the very heirs to a Bruno
Kreisky, or a Hans Wiegel, or their intellectual ancestor, the very great antisemite,
the intellectual father of all anti-semitism, Karl Marx.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Here too, we have the case of those who, in the
Talmudic statement, “ act like Zimri ( who betrayed Israel in the Sinai) “but
demand the reward of Zimri”, who saved the Israelites from Zimri’s sin.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">We might prefer to </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">use a line from Shakespeare’s “Julius Caesar”,
about Brutus, his closest friend, who stabbed Caesar</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“ For Brutus,
as you know, was Caesar's angel:<br />
Judge, O you gods, how dearly Caesar loved him!<br />
This was the most unkindest cut of all”.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">This is a summary of key points in my father’s essay,
“Regarding the Problem of Jewish Quislings”. It was published in a special
edition of the journal, “ Mosty and Opinin”, in May of 1947 ,as the Jewish
communities in Austria and Germany were trying to organize themselves while
still in pain from the wounds of Nazi murder.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif"> </span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK8H78Dta-7I6-cyuEbxtgZ8zvoZShBU5lxejWlJJWM6KyL0O-lgXH6-D6Hc5dtPVEhWGMo15cx44gNEVZMoZ4rEL8rQtacPYyguItb2TXvMFKPzBbHZqHNZeETgoyiR7dycIa5VODD5rEorvPI73myZm9Qsli0zRZUWBoNiXrhaPCGKNaNdz6vUKIJiyM/s575/Quisling%20essay.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="380" data-original-width="575" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjK8H78Dta-7I6-cyuEbxtgZ8zvoZShBU5lxejWlJJWM6KyL0O-lgXH6-D6Hc5dtPVEhWGMo15cx44gNEVZMoZ4rEL8rQtacPYyguItb2TXvMFKPzBbHZqHNZeETgoyiR7dycIa5VODD5rEorvPI73myZm9Qsli0zRZUWBoNiXrhaPCGKNaNdz6vUKIJiyM/w400-h264/Quisling%20essay.png" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div>(The full translation and the text can be found here:<br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><a href="http://www.courageofspirit.com/2023/11/regarding-problem-of-jewish-quislings.html" target="_blank">http://www.courageofspirit.com/2023/11/regarding-problem-of-jewish-quislings.html</a>)<br /></span></p>
<blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“In all
European states that had the misfortune to experience the bloody rule of the
Germans, the concept of Quislings is known, those people who are criminally
inclined, by fear or opportunism, or political immaturity, or for money,
without dignity, or for the sake of supposed national interests, in the moral
sense or factual sense, to have made themselves accomplices of the Nazi
tyrants.</span></p></blockquote>
<blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in; text-align: left;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“In antiquity
we had our Josephus Flavius, who abandoned his comrades in arms in the most
difficult hour of our people and went over to the throne, and who, while his
comrades were dragged behind the triumphant’ s chariot, enjoyed himself at the
court of the same triumphant by writing hymns in his honor. In the same tragic
epoch …Tiberius Alexander( nephew of the great 1st Jewish philosopher) , …governor
in Judea, and later as governor in Egypt, who let his legions of blood-hungry
and rapacious soldiers, like wild animals and beasts, loose on the quarters of
the Jews in Alexandria , and then took part <span> </span>under Titus in the conquest of
Jerusalem as the actual head …”</span></p></blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“As is well
known, history repeats itself. During Hitler's time, many Jews helped in the
enslavement and deportation of the Jews to the labor concentration and
extermination camps. Many have committed guilt in their capacity as Judenrate(
Jewish council member) by compiling and signing lists of those destined for
destruction or by assisting in the confiscation of Jewish assets for the
benefit of the Germans; many have committed guilt in their capacity as Jupos
(Jewish police) by enlisting Jews for destruction or deportation ; some took
part directly in the atrocities and devilries of the Germans as kapos.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 1in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“Times of
emergency are known to be the best ground for political adventurers and our
time of need is not yet over. While most Jews returned home wandering, lost,
groping, grieving, disappointed, uprooted, desperate and tired of life, our
Quislings looked in a good mood, were impeccably dressed and stood out from all
the others because of their well-fed nature.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px; text-align: left;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Such people
have forfeited, according to all written and unwritten laws in all liberated
countries, the right to play any leading role in social life, …</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“Where they
still try to push themselves into the foreground, it is the inevitable duty of
every Jew to push them into the background.”</span></p></blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Now, after the knowledge of the horrid pillage,
rape, torture, murder, infanticide, and kidnapping, I reserve my greatest
revulsion, after the officers and soldiers of Hamas, who carried it out, next
onto those of our own, who thought it was “cool” or “hip” or “progressive” to
take over the Capital Rotunda ywo weeks ago and Grand Central Station this week, in the name of Jewish Voices For
Peace, threatening to shut down the emblem of American democracy, all the while
draped in Talit and kippah.<o:p></o:p></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">They repeated the grand-standing a week later
in Grand Central Station.</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-indent: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Here is a group
of younger Jews who use this as a flag of distinction, something possible only
for children of privileged Jewish elites. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Here is their shameless proclamation:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“We converged
in historic numbers in D.C. with unprecedented heart, power, and ferocity, to
say: Ceasefire now. Not in our names, not with our money.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This was the
largest Jewish protest in solidarity with Palestinians ever.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">A staggering
5,000 people from around the country descended on the National Mall in a “Jews
against Genocide” rally — with only a couple days notice, in the middle of a
Wednesday workday. We were proud to be joined by Representatives Rashida Tlaib
and Cori Bush, as well as author and activist Naomi Klein and actor Mo Amer, as
well as our friends at IfNotNow, who had led us in an impressive shut-down of
all 13 entrances of the White House on Monday.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Then two dozen
rabbis led almost 500 Jews in a sit-in in the rotunda of a key Capitol
building. As rabbis blew shofars and shared testimonials from Palestinians in
Gaza, the thousands outside the building chanted “Ceasefire now!” and “Let Gaza
live!” We shut down the street outside the offices of members of congress for
three hours, elected officials and staffers watching from their windows as
capitol police arrested the hundreds inside the building.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://www.jewishvoiceforpeace.org/2023/10/19/thousands-of-jews-and-allies-shut-down-capitol-hill/">https://www.jewishvoiceforpeace.org/2023/10/19/thousands-of-jews-and-allies-shut-down-capitol-hill/</a><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqbOJxgZAQ5DtTxsLs1LAazKImubnpGC3AX5fwnvju-pbGSK6EtBP2VlANfJlNNuhGdlTlu7WBvkuX9E12ue6a9lp_jsue1qfo9Grf2njOsTMsN5JIncajhYY7B70OU9B9ZXnT8OBDkxIYId9hyTbOwtw0BbeKEXCexBFntDCYxAuJEPResi3SwGf9iUgI/s1596/Capital%20takeover.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="887" data-original-width="1596" height="223" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqbOJxgZAQ5DtTxsLs1LAazKImubnpGC3AX5fwnvju-pbGSK6EtBP2VlANfJlNNuhGdlTlu7WBvkuX9E12ue6a9lp_jsue1qfo9Grf2njOsTMsN5JIncajhYY7B70OU9B9ZXnT8OBDkxIYId9hyTbOwtw0BbeKEXCexBFntDCYxAuJEPResi3SwGf9iUgI/w400-h223/Capital%20takeover.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This happened as the organization accepted,
like all other progressive groups, the Hamas ministry lie of the hospital
bombing.</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">The blood of the massacred of October 7 was still
wet on the ground and these Quislings mourned the murderers.</span> It is the” most unkindest cut of all”, as it is so convenient, for enemies
of the Jews to trot out their token Jew, and use it against us. Jewish students
have been harrassed and physically attacked on campus across the country, in
part, due to such protestations.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I will now apply my father’s recommendations
about the Jewish Quislings and suggest that the Jewish community close out jobs
for these fellow travelers. I know that I am being ungenerous, but when the
Middle East has been taken over by the dogs of Khomeini, the Hezbollahs, the
Hamases, the Houthis, there is no room for generosity of spirit. These are the
fellow travelers of Al Qaeda and ISIS. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Remember that the Communists, too, were split into
Stalinists and Trotskyites ,Maoists and Viet-Kongists- often, deadly enemies, yet united in the same goal of
ideological domination.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">Think
carefully when posing for the under trodden.<o:p></o:p></span><span face="Arial, sans-serif">There
was one Jew who rose to the highest pinnacle of success in the fight for
revolutionary Justice, “the genius of the revolution”, the founder of the Red Army
, and the proponent of perpetual revolution, Leon Trotsky:</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-3KOS3kqkIXMmLsyjHBDFcef50qwZlZMJrvVWYn8EiiTgvKT7WK3HADvVnmcJ56IEO2-1PJoEQoiXLSgp9PLUWdEHD-ivpKQuCACjMSGgZCsmXwqUWdaD3-6OX8kska3M8FhwZEOycBfUEMdtLJ99mm3ChbMbrrTAMgst5-bAj4k2Z7BCO1vONdUXmSQz/s807/Leon_Trotsky,_1930s.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="807" data-original-width="640" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-3KOS3kqkIXMmLsyjHBDFcef50qwZlZMJrvVWYn8EiiTgvKT7WK3HADvVnmcJ56IEO2-1PJoEQoiXLSgp9PLUWdEHD-ivpKQuCACjMSGgZCsmXwqUWdaD3-6OX8kska3M8FhwZEOycBfUEMdtLJ99mm3ChbMbrrTAMgst5-bAj4k2Z7BCO1vONdUXmSQz/w318-h400/Leon_Trotsky,_1930s.jpg" width="318" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;">This
is what he received from his colleague and comrade in arms when he was getting
his hair cut in Mexico City, exiled from his country, an axe to the head:<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitvODtrW6IGTRXdSW2ng3FFRNQe7t5Stz0LqRC1hS2kB0xbEgMTuwGCEjqSR4AewTjIyZ3pQ4ONjBwGw45TbDd5qx6-VKz8yeHhYI7izeUNeKaMN_NGSn6phQka8nfjWXSjr4HYfh-vrOmKCVlznJc5xKnP9IsgmyvF_S8CI770cmmPas6m_YsErVhBrXd/s1080/trotsky%20on%20his%20death%20bed.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><img border="0" data-original-height="808" data-original-width="1080" height="239" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitvODtrW6IGTRXdSW2ng3FFRNQe7t5Stz0LqRC1hS2kB0xbEgMTuwGCEjqSR4AewTjIyZ3pQ4ONjBwGw45TbDd5qx6-VKz8yeHhYI7izeUNeKaMN_NGSn6phQka8nfjWXSjr4HYfh-vrOmKCVlznJc5xKnP9IsgmyvF_S8CI770cmmPas6m_YsErVhBrXd/s320/trotsky%20on%20his%20death%20bed.webp" width="320" /></span></a></div><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><br /></span></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Arial, sans-serif"><span style="font-size: medium;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: medium;"> One last thought
of warning</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: medium;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Jew was the
canary in the coal mine in World War II. The Jew, as Israeli, or Zionist, is
still the canary in the coal mine. It's not my words, it is </span>, as the Arabs themselves have said” First the
Saturday people, then the Sunday people.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: medium; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-37707527183292951152023-11-01T10:53:00.001-07:002023-11-01T10:53:25.946-07:00The Unkindest Cut -Part II My peeve with an LA Times editor<p> </p><p>The Unkindest Cut -Part II</p><p>My peeve with an LA Times editor</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I want to share with you an example of the fight we have in the trenches all the time.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The editor of the Letters section of the LA Times sends a regular summary of key topics in the news. His last newsletter was a way of apologizing for the media admittedly believing Hamas’ story about Israel intentionally targeting a hospital and killing 500. But even in explaining that it was a rush to judgement, he had one snide remark, a back-handed compliment of the worst kind.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This was part of his opening:</span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">The subject line on an email from the New York Times on Tuesday morning wasshocking: “Breaking news: Israeli strike on hospital kills hundreds, Palestinianofficials say.”</p></blockquote><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Horrified as I was at the thought of 500 Palestinians killed while seeking care andrefuge inside a Gaza Strip hospital, I was also skeptical. The source of the Israeliair strike claim was Hamas, which controls the Gaza Strip. . .. </p></blockquote><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><p style="text-align: left;">I’ll reserve judgment as to whether news organizations messed up on this.Reporters and editors covering this war operate under immense pressure, andthis week should remind us to be more circumspect about passing off any government’s statements as fact. </p></blockquote><p>So far so good. </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This is his text that ticked me off:<o:p></o:p></span></p><blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0 0 0 40px; padding: 0px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">Yes, Israel has <u>despicably lied</u> about past atrocities, but that’s no reason to dismiss credible evidence that it might not have murdered hundreds of civilians this time, especially when something so incendiary can lead to antisemitic violence elsewhere.</p></blockquote><p>The words" despicably lied" were underlined in his email. That underlining is intended to open to his source for the phrase, Al Jezeera! <a href="https://click.email.latimes.com/?qs=e89719f6056a3f099b663b345959dbc27b5bbee0254edb0c30f371490f05fb9f98ece7f3d403f1d5b0d0b61e432582b17036c1b4b97612423f18d6545501b895" target="_blank">Link to Al Jazeera article being referenced</a></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">Here is my reply to him. I am still awaiting a response:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dear Mr. Thornton,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">I appreciate that you are calling on media to reserve judgement until facts are in. I found the blood libel of the claim of Israel’s targeting of the hospital in Gaza such a classic example, of a kind with the blood libel about the massacre in Jenin some 20 years ago, widely reported as truth, even though no massacre took place.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">However, I resent what is a snide explanation about the rush to judgment being a consequence of “despicable lies” by Israel. That statement is marked by a link to the source, an opinion piece from nothing less than Al Jazeera, a wholly owned subsidiary of Qatar, headquarters to Hamas and associated with the Muslim Brotherhood. The editorial leads with the phrase “despicable lies” but refers directly only to the tragic death of Al Jazeera reporter, Abu Akleh. Here, Israel did eventually accept responsibility for an accidental, not intentional, killing, an admission, the likes of which was never done by the other side.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;">If you wish the Times, like the other major media, to retain a smidgeon of journalistic integrity , you must avoid snide insinuations. Your colleagues must also acknowledge that the rush to judgement is has resulted in additional violence, around the world, to the Jewish community and salt on the wound for both sides.</span><span face="Arial, sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">******</span></p>Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-51363618475951030142023-11-01T10:40:00.004-07:002023-11-06T22:14:31.659-08:00 The Unkindest Cut of All- Part 1<p> <span style="font-size: 12pt;">The Unkindest Cut of All --</span>On Jews and other enablers of Hamas with a lookback 75 years</p><p>Part I</p><p>The video of my discussion</p><p><a href="https://youtu.be/RKaumCALthw?si=baaIqpay1YtNRUtn" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/RKaumCALthw?si=baaIqpay1YtNRUtn</a><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>(This is my discussion on the Torah, in which I draw a parallel between the cruelty of the Sodomites and today's Hamas. I also go into a digression on the origin and purpose of the term Palestine, from Eretz Pilishtim-Land of the Invaders. </p><p><a href="https://youtu.be/TSkmj2KZvDI?si=GBYUw_zfOhVp9Ejs" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/TSkmj2KZvDI?si=GBYUw_zfOhVp9Ejs</a> )<br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">It is bizarre to be a Jew in a world which denies you the right to defend yourself, which says “tsk, tsk” and rushes to judgement for every wrong doing, even if it turn out to be right. Thus, we have the Secretary General of the UN explaining away the actions of Hamas because :<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">”The Palestinian people have been subjected to 56 years of suffocating occupation.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Note the 56 years ( since the Six Day War). This<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>been used repeatedly in propaganda that has come out to cover up for Hamas “dirty deeds.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Why not 75 years? From 1948:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“During the 20 years the Gaza Strip was under Egyptian control (1948–67), it remained little more than a reservation. Egyptian rule was generally repressive( </span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Palestine/Palestine-and-the-Palestinians-1948-67"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">https://www.britannica.com/place/Palestine/Palestine-and-the-Palestinians-1948-67</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">) . <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Nevertheless, they found the energy to launch fedayeen attacks from Gaza in those years of “ no occupation”.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Why not 100 years, since the British took over, and the Arabs massacred Jews and erased entire communities in Gaza and Hebron with no Israeli occupation.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Why not the several centuries before, when the territory that would become the British mandate of Palestine was under the Ottoman Turks, was mis-administered and neglected, was fought over many times in the Napoleonic wars and later, between Egypt and the Turks, and yet again, between the many mini-states and warlords in the region that warred on each other then.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">We could also turn the clock around, going forward.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gross_national_product" title="Gross national product"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">economic growth rate</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> from 1967 to 1982 averaged roughly 9.7 percent per annum, due in good part to expanded income from work opportunities inside Israel. In other words, the beginning of that 56 year period of “ suffocating occupation” was the first time the Palestinians could support themselves by themselves!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Then, in 1994, with the Oslo accords, Gaza was handed over to its own people, the Palestinian Liberation Organization; there was no longer an occupation, but their terror attacks did not stop. Then, in 2005, Israel withdrew fully, Hamas was voted in 2 years later, and the terror attacks continued, without any occupation.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">If anyone has been forcibly evacuated in that period, it was Israelis, who were uprooted from a beautiful town they had built in the Sinai, Yamit, whose inhabitants were removed by force by Israel in order to make possible the peace agreement with Egypt, and then Gush Katif, 17 settlements whose inhabitants were removed by force by the Israeli army, with the illusion that it would lead the Gazans to make their peace with Israel.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Yes, this is described often as a “ concentration camp”, but on with a relatively high life expectancy for the Arab world:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">US 80 ; Lebanon 77; <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>United Arab Emirates 77; Morocco 77 ; Libya 76 ; West Bank 76 ; Tunisia 76; Oman 75 ; Saudi Arabia 75; Gaza Strip 75;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jordan 74 ; Egypt 73 ;Turkey 73; Iraq 71;<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Iran 71; Russia 70.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This is a 2014 statistic, but it is telling, that after 56 years of “ Oppression”, “occupation”, “genocide”, that the Gazans did better than Jordan, Egypt, Turkey ( an economic powerhouse in many ways) or nuclear and space power, Russia!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I would like to know what life expectancy was in Buchenwald?!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The TV is filled, yes, with images of destroyed buildings in northern Gaza, and babies being pulled out of the rubble. Yes, it is horrible, but unlike the surprise attack against Israel by Hamas, Israel gave the people of northern Gaza plenty of time to move south, and many did, just as Israel has evacuated hundreds of thousands of its own citizens away from the battle lines. International organizations have seen fit to condemn Israel for urging people to leave the battle field, even though that is the rule of inernational law in military conflict!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>If there are civilians there, they have been kept there by Hamas, but it’s Israel’s fault, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and, as we could see, if Hamas or Jihadi rockets are fired towards Israel, but land, at a rate of some 20 to 50% of the time, on civilians, that is immediately blamed on Israel, especially if it lands on a hospital.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Yes, we will see harsh images, such as this:<o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHocV4cr59pFKi1cxBLIuFT6tQEM5AV1pJf6RtmdA-JhvTUiDpZYmHsiMC4vg0VDmEytU3OpkpXjazDleVJy_qfeO0Hl6HyLN9WNL46HJW1qzCwE7YM6k095sXjjeLbHTaGwUMgsClk8Aa3Sp8Jx_Zd_QvNu71N2BHNGApx9ihMBa30d1SFTSgoiyx-2Rl/s428/Aleppo.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="285" data-original-width="428" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjHocV4cr59pFKi1cxBLIuFT6tQEM5AV1pJf6RtmdA-JhvTUiDpZYmHsiMC4vg0VDmEytU3OpkpXjazDleVJy_qfeO0Hl6HyLN9WNL46HJW1qzCwE7YM6k095sXjjeLbHTaGwUMgsClk8Aa3Sp8Jx_Zd_QvNu71N2BHNGApx9ihMBa30d1SFTSgoiyx-2Rl/w400-h266/Aleppo.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Gaza? No!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Syrian city of Aleppo, destroyed under Assad, 230,000 civilians dead at the hands of their own brothers.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Or this?<o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu1bZZaVqXEtnBIS-lBSfCxA5QCpw226ijK0ZRgDyHhJlk4bEJMV8HzlYJVwTwKBvG1JSkANwUhlZNAcoHcYx6fX9EnNDg2VFZmrvmXlLeo1JVyN7mp6lZqUQbIXXOIfvnqH9rVcMbGs4DgoyTFAU4NHK7Ra1nqE2VBboPOnymH5n5G94YS0KvCQbr6Jdl/s474/Raqqah.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="228" data-original-width="474" height="193" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiu1bZZaVqXEtnBIS-lBSfCxA5QCpw226ijK0ZRgDyHhJlk4bEJMV8HzlYJVwTwKBvG1JSkANwUhlZNAcoHcYx6fX9EnNDg2VFZmrvmXlLeo1JVyN7mp6lZqUQbIXXOIfvnqH9rVcMbGs4DgoyTFAU4NHK7Ra1nqE2VBboPOnymH5n5G94YS0KvCQbr6Jdl/w400-h193/Raqqah.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Gaza? No!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Syrian City of Raqqah, after the war against Isis. 1600 civilians killed there 10,000 civilians in Mosul alone, by US and allied forces to free the Middle East from ISIS. Again, by their brothers.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Or this?<o:p></o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRd29-V8yfkF7J8mivfLYePZdtMR3RE4rDEkmIP2UABxRPu7pRZRiAmSu65YCBiAQ98EmjyVOCexjpZIHtiij0oalAQjO5RJF7uKZEpzUUZrUFxQhToicLHokeg3M2WTy6dBdnDt0IvmnvdXSJIDNgaVfMAkU_yazbqEX9t2DxAlYITZ2LlGsBzgxnKI1v/s526/Zaporizhia.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="526" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiRd29-V8yfkF7J8mivfLYePZdtMR3RE4rDEkmIP2UABxRPu7pRZRiAmSu65YCBiAQ98EmjyVOCexjpZIHtiij0oalAQjO5RJF7uKZEpzUUZrUFxQhToicLHokeg3M2WTy6dBdnDt0IvmnvdXSJIDNgaVfMAkU_yazbqEX9t2DxAlYITZ2LlGsBzgxnKI1v/w400-h266/Zaporizhia.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Gaza?No!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine, after Russian missile attack.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">120,000 dead, between military and civilian. This is what Russia did to Ukraine, their “little brother”!<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Where were the massive marches of protest? Did people take to the streets ? Did anyone take over the Capitoll Rotunda or Grand Central Station for them?<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Just a month ago, an entire independent state of Ngorno-Karrabach was eliminated, and its entire population exiled to Armenia. Did any one, other than Armenians, shed a tear? Or is it that Christians expelled by Muslims is a non- issue, or that they were not attacked by a Jewish state makes it a non-issue?</span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The so-called peace organization Code Pink obstructed a Senate hearing for support for Israel. Never once did Code Pink protest against any tyranny or horror., unless it was blamed on the US or Israel. Typically, such organizations as Code Pink support the dictatorship in Venezuela, will never protest China's actions, but do protest US aid for Ukraine.<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Pink#Political_positions_and_activism">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Pink#Political_positions_and_activism</a></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">At the end, you will see who I am addressing.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 17.12px; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">****************</span></p>Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-26362446146374049992023-10-16T21:16:00.001-07:002023-10-16T21:18:37.165-07:00Shabbat of Solidarity with Israel October 14 2023<p> </p><p>For a link to the ceremony and my comments:</p><p><a href="https://www.youtube.com/live/PbBe0AfTXZk?si=HQDAGJfhhqBsEz5E">https://www.youtube.com/live/PbBe0AfTXZk?si=HQDAGJfhhqBsEz5E</a> </p><p><br /></p><p>We opened with this song, a duet by two Israelis, one a Jew, Boaz Sharabi, andone an Arab, Valerie Hamaty:</p><p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://youtu.be/o1zvFPThV5Q?si=O_pQfdhJV8ljyGOl">https://youtu.be/o1zvFPThV5Q?si=O_pQfdhJV8ljyGOl</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p>Halevai--If only</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #131313; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Roboto; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Roboto;">يا ريت</span><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #131313; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Roboto; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Roboto;"> </span><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #131313; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Roboto; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Roboto;">من السماء يمطر علينا الخير</span><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="color: #131313; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Roboto; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Roboto;"> הלוואי מהשמיים יירד עלינו הטוב </span><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #131313; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Roboto; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Roboto;">يا ريت</span><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #131313; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Roboto; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Roboto;"> </span><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #131313; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Roboto; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Roboto;">يغيب الحرب ويجمعنا الحب سوى</span><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="color: #131313; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Roboto; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Roboto;"> הלוואי שתיפסק המלחמה והאהבה תאחד אותנו </span><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #131313; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Roboto; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Roboto;">يا ريت</span><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #131313; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Roboto; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Roboto;"> </span><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="AR-SA" style="color: #131313; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Roboto; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Roboto;">من شرق وغرب يضوي نجم اليل</span><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="color: #131313; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-font-family: Roboto; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Roboto;"> הלוואי שכוכב הליל יאיר על כולנו ממזרח עד מערב</span><span style="color: #131313; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #131313; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%;">If only-from the heavens will descend upon us the good<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #131313; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%;">If only- would the wars cease and love unite us<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: #131313; font-family: Roboto; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 107%;">If only- the star of the night would shine upon us all
from east to west<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p><o:p> </o:p>Opening:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Star Spangled Banner p 824 <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p><b>Thank you to President Biden for deeply moving words of
support and for giving Israel military supplies and international backing.</b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p>Hatikvah p 827 joined by Holocaust survivor and veteran of Israel Defense Forces, Barbara Drotow</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p>************</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p> Opening Psalm--</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ps 83<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">שִׁ֖יר
מִזְמ֣וֹר לְאָסָֽף׃ </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">אֱלֹהִ֥ים
אַל־דֳּמִי־לָ֑ךְ אַל־תֶּחֱרַ֖שׁ וְאַל־תִּשְׁקֹ֣ט אֵֽל׃ <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">כִּֽי־הִנֵּ֣ה
א֭וֹיְבֶיךָ יֶהֱמָי֑וּן וּ֝מְשַׂנְאֶ֗יךָ נָ֣שְׂאוּ רֹֽאשׁ׃ <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">עַֽל־עַ֭מְּךָ
יַעֲרִ֣ימוּ ס֑וֹד וְ֝יִתְיָעֲצ֗וּ עַל־צְפוּנֶֽיךָ׃ <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">אָמְר֗וּ
לְ֭כוּ וְנַכְחִידֵ֣ם מִגּ֑וֹי וְלֹֽא־יִזָּכֵ֖ר שֵֽׁם־יִשְׂרָאֵ֣ל עֽוֹד׃<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span lang="HE"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>Read together</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A song, a psalm of Asaph.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">O God, do not be silent; do not hold aloof;<br />
do not be quiet, O God!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For Your enemies
rage,<br />
Your foes assert themselves. They plot craftily against Your people,<br />
take counsel against Your treasured ones. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">They say, “Let us wipe them out as a nation; Israel’s name
will be mentioned no more.”...</p>
<p class="MsoNormal">May they be frustrated and terrified, disgraced and doomed
forever. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">May they know that Your name, Yours alone, is the LORD,<br />
supreme over all the earth.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p>Reading:</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Chaim Nachman Bialik<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ir HaHaregah-The City of Slaughter( after the Kishinev
pogrom, 1904) H.N. Bialik, "The City of Slaughter" in Complete
Poetic Works of Hayyim Nahman Bialik, Israel Efros, ed. (New York, 1948):
129-43 (Vol. I)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The pogrom of Kishinev , Easter Day, 1903 - 49 Jews
were killed, 92 were gravely injured, a number of Jewish women were raped. That
number stunned and shocked the world. It spurred Bialik to write this elegy and
spurred on the drive to establish a Jewish state.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">קוּם
לֵךְ לְךָ אֶל עִיר הַהֲרֵגָה וּבָאתָ אֶל-הַחֲצֵרוֹת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">וּבְעֵינֶיךָ
תִרְאֶה וּבְיָדְךָ תְמַשֵּׁשׁ עַל-הַגְּדֵרוֹת</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">וְעַל
הָעֵצִים וְעַל הָאֲבָנִים וְעַל-גַּבֵּי טִיחַ הַכְּתָלִים</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">אֶת-הַדָּם
הַקָּרוּשׁ וְאֶת-הַמֹּחַ הַנִּקְשֶׁה שֶׁל-הַחֲלָלִים</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">ARISE and go now to the city of slaughter;<br />
Into its courtyard wind thy way;<br />
There with thine own hand touch, and with the eyes of<br />
thine head,<br />
Behold on tree, on stone, on fence, on mural clay,<br />
The spattered blood and dried brains of the dead.<span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">מַעֲשֶׂה
בְּבֶטֶן רֻטָּשָה שֶׁמִּלּאוּהָ נוֹצוֹת</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">מַעֲשֶׂה
בִּנְחִירַיִם וּמַסְמֵרוֹת, בְּגֻלְגָּלוֹת וּפַטִּישִׁים</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">מַעֲשֶׂה
בִּבְנֵי אָדָם שְׁחוּטִים שֶׁנִּתְלוּ בְּמָרִישִׁים</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">וּמַעֲשֶׂה
בְּתִינוֹק שֶׁנִּמְצָא בְּצַד אִמּוֹ הַמְדֻקָּרָה</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">כְּשֶׁהוּא
יָשֵׁן וּבְפִיו פִּטְמַת שָׁדָהּ הַקָּרָה</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>;<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">וּמַעֲשֶׂה
בְּיֶלֶד שֶׁנִּקְרַע וְיָצְאָה נִשְׁמָתוֹ בְּ“אִמִּי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>!” –<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">וְהִנֵּה
גַם עֵינָיו פֹּה שׁוֹאֲלוֹת חֶשְׁבּוֹן מֵעִמִּי</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">A tale of cloven belly, feather-filled;<br />
Of nostrils nailed, of skull-bones bashed and spilled;<br />
Of murdered men who from the beams were hung,<br />
And of a babe beside its mother flung,<br />
Its mother speared, the poor chick finding rest<br />
Upon its mother's cold and milkless breast;<br />
Of how a dagger halved an infant's word,<br />
Its “ma” was heard, its “mama” never heard.<br />
O, even now its eyes from me demand accounting.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">What would Bialik write now, with a Jewish State, and with
1200 murdered in their homes, over a hundred kidnapped. He bemoaned that in his
day, the descendants of the heroic Maccabees cowered in fear—today, we have our
Maccabees- yet they fell before rag-tag amateurs, in a pogrom far, far worse.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> **</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">These have been harrowing days for us, even as we sit here,
hoping we are safe in this country. But even so, many of us have real skin in
the game, through family and friends in Israel.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Our grandson, Eitan, is now in Israel; he was starting on a college
program, and was full of excitement. Now, his dreams are in abeyance, and the
family is struggling to find him a flight back home before the real war starts.
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Our nephew, with his daughter, and friends, was at the Rave
festival just the evening before, and, by chance, they had to go back home.
They returned the next day, only to here the sound of shooting , and turned
back before it was too late.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We have family and friends, and I am sure many of you do who
live within shooting distance of Gaza. We have children of our nephews and
nieces now on the front lines, in combat fatigues, awaiting orders to move
forward. It is very scary.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">While we are encouraged by the strong support from our
President and from the leaders of the European nations, we are, frankly scared
by the announcement that a Hamas leader declared this Friday “a day of Global
Jihad” and another spokesman stated” the entire planet will be under our law:
there will be no more Jews or Christians”.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We are dismayed, that in addition to the usual white-
supremacists, skin-heads, and Nazis cheering Hamas now, professors, academic
departments, and numerous student organizations, have been cheering Hamas,
without a single tear being shed ! Your Starbucks Barrista will now serve you Hamas
flavored coffee, by instructions of the union! <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This Shabbat, we began our reading of the Torah cycle from
the Beginning- from Bereshit—it is striking how primordial themes still echo
with us today. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Rashi asks an unusual question, and gives us an unusual
answer:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Since the Hebrew word for “ In the Beginning”,
Bereshit”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>does not mean in”In the
Beginning”, why does the Torah start with a grammatically awkward for, “
B-Reshit”- “In<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the Beginning of”--of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>what? of Something? Of Nothing? Of Everything?<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Rashi , a thousand years ago, looking at an unusual phrase,
now looks at what is happening in the world—Christians fighting Muslims for the
control of the Land of Israel , and quotes a R. Yitzhak ( possibly his own
father):<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">For should the peoples of the world say to Israel, “You are
robbers, because you took by force the lands of the seven nations of Canaan”,
Israel may reply to them, “All the earth belongs to the Holy One, blessed be
He; He created it and gave it to whom He pleased. When He willed He gave it to
them, and when He willed He took it from them and gave it to us” .<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The accusation of Jews as stealing the land of Israel is as
ancient as the hills!<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">We barely get out of the Garden of Eden, when one son of
Adam and Eve, that is Cain, murders the other son, Abel. Brother against brother.
(Bereshit Rabbah 22:7)<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">About what were they quarreling? <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">They said: ‘Let us divide the world between us.”…<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Here is one part of our quarrel: who gets the land of
Israel.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">This one said: ‘The Temple shall be built in my domain,’ and
that one said: ‘The Temple shall be built in my domain,’<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Here is the second part of our quarrel: who gets the Temple
Mount in Jerusalem<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">They were quarreling over [who would wed] the first Eve.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In other words, sex was the motive.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">What did Hamas do? As their did<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>their counterparts , ISIS, in Syria, and Boko
Haram in Nigeria, they too, raped their captives.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">So much for brotherly love.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Our portion ends : the earth was filled with violence- the
Hebrew word for violence is “Hamas”.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">It is the cognate for the Arabic word for “zeal.” I can’t
help but make the connection,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>because Islamic
Resistance Movemen<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="mso-ascii-font-family: Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-font-family: Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>,Ḥarakah
al-Muqāwamah al-ʾIslāmiyyah ,which creates the initials: Hamas, which the
movement chose precisely because it indicated their “zeal”.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Tragically, we are in a violent neighborhood. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The anti Zionists are defending Hamas, saying that the Palestinians<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>have been occupied for 75 years, and have
acted up out of desperation. But the violence against Jews did not start with
any occupation.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">My great-great-grand-father and mother were murdered in
their home in Zfat in1896, long before the Zionist invasion.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The ancient Jewish community of Hebron, dating back many
centuries, was attacked in 1929, nearly 70 killed, and the community expelled.
The excuse was that Jews were planning to take over the Temple Mount- the exact
same excuse made by Hamas to justify its attack.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Gaza City had an ancient Jewish community, with many notable
figures. Yet in 1929, they were forced to leave the area due to violent <a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/arab-riots-of-the-1920-s">riots</a> against
them by the Arabs. Following these riots, and the death of nearly 135 Jews in
all, the British prohibited Jews from living in Gaza to quell tension and
appease the Arabs. Again, this was long before the “occupation and
Oppression” by the Zionist settler colonialist.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">From 1948 till 1967, Gaza, The “All Palestine Protectorate”
was under their brothers, the Egyptians. Their terrorists then, Fedayeen, killed
some 400 over the years 1950 to 1955 and prompted the Suez War. <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In 1993, we had the Oslo accords, and the establishment of a
quasi-independent territory under the Palestine Liberation Organization. That
did not stop the terror attacks. In 2005, Israel pulled out unconditionally
from Gaza strip, but that did not stop the attacks. They merely become more
intense and more sophisticated.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">These are not the acts of a desperate people, but of a
people with an ideological conviction , that even as they grind their own
people into suffering and misery, they are carrying out Allah’s will and
bringing on the final conquest by Islam. This was declared in their original <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hamas Covenant of 1988:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">“Our struggle against the Jews is
very great and very serious.”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">“The Prophet, Allah bless him and
grant him salvation, has said:"The Day of Judgement will not come about
until Moslems fight the Jews (killing the Jews), when the Jew will hide behind
stones and trees. The stones and trees will say O Moslems, O Abdulla, there is
a Jew behind me, come and kill him. Only the Gharkad tree, (evidently a certain
kind of tree) would not do that because it is one of the trees of the
Jews." <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">In 2017, they “ sanitized” their covenant for western
consumption: Where it said Jews, it now says “ Zionists” and it claims that persecution
of Jews was solely a European problem.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Now, Zionists are used were the old “ Elders of Zion” used
Jews:<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;">“ The Zionist project does not
target the Palestinian people alone; it is the enemy of the Arab and Islamic
Ummah posing a grave threat to its security and interests. It is also hostile
to the Ummah’s aspirations for unity, renaissance and liberation and has been
the major source of its troubles. The Zionist project also poses a danger to
international security and peace and to mankind and its interests and
stability.”<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">The new covenant is simply larded with all the catch phrases
that liberationists and the anti-colonialists of the west love:
colonialism, occupation, discrimination, oppression and aggression in the
world. All of those lovely words were proven false in the actions of the ruthless terrorists who killed and slaughtered, maimed, raped and kidnapped men , women, and children, the elderly and the newborn.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span dir="RTL" face="Arial, sans-serif" lang="HE"><o:p> </o:p></span>All of those lovely words were proven false in the actions of the ruthless terrorists who killed and slaughtered, maimed, raped and kidnapped men , women, and children, the elderly and the newborn.</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face="Arial, sans-serif">( </span>For a background on the connection between Nazi ideology and
the Islamist Supremacist teachings of the Muslim Brotherhood and Al-Qaeda ( and by historic
connection, Hamas, ISIS , and the Khoeminist regome of Iran, follow this link: <a href="https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/history/articles/the-nazi-roots-of-islamist-hate">https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/history/articles/the-nazi-roots-of-islamist-hate</a>. The slaughter of innocents, even of one's own people, is a key tactic of radical movements of left and right.)</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Yes, this is the brave new world of Hamas.<o:p></o:p></p><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">I am personally comforted<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>by the display of national unity that Israelis have been showing. I have
received videos from family showing Israelis , secular, religious, and yes, the
Charedi, ultra Orthodox, delivering food <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and supplies to the vulnerable communities on
the battle front. There is now a government of national unity, and former
political enemies, who had said, “ Never”, now<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>talk with each other. </p><p class="MsoNormal">Oh, God, please don’t make us get together when
there is a disaster. Make us get together when there is peace.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> ******************</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p>Please take one electric tea candle and place it on the table in
front, in memory of the 1300 innocent men, women, and children, Israelis, both
Jews and Arabs, murdered in cold blood.:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">*******************<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Please join us in this prayer, shared with us by our Southern California Board
of Rabbis:<o:p></o:p></p>
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="background: white; mso-cellspacing: 0in; mso-padding-alt: 0in 0in 0in 0in; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 100%;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="padding: 7.5pt 15pt;" valign="top">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Prayer
in Time of War in Israel</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Composed
and offered by the Steering Committee for the Board of Rabbis of Southern
California</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><u>Eloheinu
V’Elohei Avoteinu V’Imoteinu</u>, Our God and God of our ancestors. You know
that the Jewish people are one nation with one heart, and today that heart is
broken. With the grim news of so many of our sisters and brothers in Israel
killed, wounded, and kidnapped, we turn to You.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Harofeh
Lishvuray Lev</span></u><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">,
the healer of broken hearts, be with our brothers and sisters who have been
taken captive and with the families of the victims. Watch over the hostages,
break their bonds, redeem the captives and bring them out from darkness to
light. Comfort the families of all those murdered and bring them under the
shelter of Your wings. Bring complete healing, healing of body and healing of
spirit, to all of those who are wounded, those wounded in body and those
wounded in spirit. To the entire Jewish people who were terrorized, bind up
our wounds and may Your divine presence bring us healing.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Tzur
Yisrael</span></u><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">, Rock
and Redeemer of the people of Israel, Bless the State of Israel during this
time of war and tragedy. Guide its leaders and advisors with Your light and
Your truth, and help them with Your good counsel. Shield it with Your love
and spread over it the shelter of Your peace. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Shomer
Yisrael, Guardian of Israel, strengthen and bless the soldiers of the Israel
Defense Forces and the security forces, who stand guard over our land: on the
land, in the air, and on the sea. Deliver them and crown their efforts with
triumph. May God cause the enemies who rise up against them to be struck down
before them. May the Holy Blessed One, preserve and rescue our soldiers from
every trouble and distress and send blessing and success in their every
endeavor. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">In the
face of war, God, protect and preserve us, and restore peace and wholeness to
our hearts.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><u><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">Oseh
Shalom Bimromav Hu Ya’aseh Shalom, Aleinu Ve’Al Kol Yisrael.</span><o:p></o:p></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;">And let
us say: Amen. </span><o:p></o:p></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="MsoHyperlink">Scroll images of hostages<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Misheberach for IDF</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://youtu.be/Lq7H-xVx_s0?si=wV2VtXkPdQkqHxpc">https://youtu.be/Lq7H-xVx_s0?si=wV2VtXkPdQkqHxpc</a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span class="MsoHyperlink">Scroll names of fallen Israelis<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">El maleh for the victims ( from Yom Hazikaron)</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://youtu.be/U2xOPDmrISE?si=i8hCAsdqXaS3DKB0">https://youtu.be/U2xOPDmrISE?si=i8hCAsdqXaS3DKB0</a><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Agnon’ s introduction top of p<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>524.The Mourner’s Kaddish lead by Holocaust survivor, 101 year old Joe Alexnder.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p>Conclude Am Yisrael Chai</p><p class="MsoNormal"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> <br /></o:p></p><br /><p></p>Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-82757799740228536402023-09-26T22:11:00.008-07:002023-09-26T22:19:24.313-07:0050 Years after the Yom Kippur War Yom Kippur 2023<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">50
Years after the Yom Kippur War<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yom
Kippur 2023<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I thank Helen Mirren for bringing the
character of Golda Meir, the Prime Minster of Israel, to life, especially for
younger audiences who cannot comprehend the trauma that faced Israel 50 years
ago, on this date in the Jewish calendar. I am sure that many of you here are
old enough to recall that terrible moment when, on the day of judgment, the
fate of Israel weighed in judgment. Some of you were actually in Israel at that
time facing the enemy guns and bombs.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I
well recall that I had only come back from my year in Israel as a rabbinical
student just a short while before and was serving a congregation in New Jersey.
I recall someone running in with the news that Israel had been attacked and
then the rest of the day and the next several weeks were a time of agonizing anxiety.
During that time, my brother-in-law, who was here just a few weeks ago, was hunkered
down in his tank, barely surviving, while his wife, back in the rear, had no
word of his fate. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I mention
this to remind us all that what is going on in Israel today may seem like an
apocalyptic disaster, yet I want to keep in proportion the reality that Israel
has gone through more such disasters. Somehow the Israelis managed to pull
themselves up back on their feet.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">It
was just 30 years ago, in contrast, that Israelis were caught up in euphoria
because the Oslo accords had been signed and peace was finally at the doorsteps
for the people of Israel and for the Palestinians. I recall having brought here
a spokesman for the American Muslim community, Salam Al- Maryati, to speak
about how wonderful it would be. Yet as you well know, true peace was still far,
far over the horizon and still is, the Palestinians carried out terror attacks,
and Israelis suffered the most shocking terror attack, the assassination of
Prime Minister Rabin, by one of their own. It would then be followed by a wave
of Palestinian terror bombings of public buses, just when our daughter was in
Israel as a student.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Just before I came to Hollywood Temple Beth
El, in 1990, I had spent four years in Israel, where I worked as director for
the Central Institute for Jewish Studies of the Histadrut-Labor Federation, at Bet
Berl, that is the Labor party's college. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We don't realize it, but Israel is,
after all, smaller in population than<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Los Angeles metropolitan area, in a way, a very large village, in which
everyone knows and is related to everyone else. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In
the course of my work, I had met so many public figures, on both left and
right. Prime Minister Rabin, then Minster of Defense, and President Peres, then
Minister of the Treasury. Yigal Amir, the assassin, lived in my wife’s aunt’s
neighborhood, and the assassin’s ex-girlfriend was the grad-daughter of a great
Israeli, Rabbi Pinhas Peli, who had given me guidance in setting up my program.
A speaker that I had brought as a presenter of Judaism and science, a notable
head of Yeshivah and trained academic philosopher, a liberal Orthodox Rabbi,
was accused of having encouraged the murderer.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What is my point ?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is no simple " Us" and
" Them"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in Israel. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is a saying in the Talmud: Kol
Yisrael Arevim Zeh Bazeh."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>"All Israel are legally liable for each other."<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The word " Arev" comes from the
word<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>for mixture, or interweave.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The historic Jewish people, as well as
the people of the State of Israel, is so closely interwoven and bound up each with
the other, that it impossible to distinguish " Us" from "
Them". A fight, quarrel or disputation is a fight within the midst of
family, whether functional or dysfunctional. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When I was a student at the Hebrew
University, one of my professors explained that the great miracle of Israel is
not that it had withstood constant onslaughts by more powerful armies, but that
it achieved it even though Israelis could not speak peaceably one to another.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I could only reflect on that years
later, when I sat in the office of the Minister of the Treasury, then Labor
coalition partner with the right-wing Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir. He
complained bitterly about the threats to democracy that his partner posed, and
then went on to serve in different positions with his erst-while “ enemy of
democracy” opponents. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perhaps that is inevitable for us Jews
when we have kept the dogs of Jew-hatred away from us. We then play it safe, “
sha-shtil”, don’t rock the boat.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>But
when we disagree with each other, and there is no one outside threatening us,
we pull out all the stops.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perhaps precisely because we feel safe
with each other. When we deal with gentiles, we are insecure, we are cautious,
so we watch our language, lest there be a riot, lest there be a pogrom.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>With fellow Jews, we let out all the
stops. Jews, after all, don't riot against Jews. Jews <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>,after all, don't kill Jews. Jews, after all,
don't take Jews to lawsuits. Until it is too late.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>If anyone has watched the Israeli
Knesset in session, one can see how easily the language turns vicious. It is
not new. No one is free of blame.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is the left-right clash.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Opposition Jews call Jews
"Fascist" . Coalition members call the leaders of the IDF and the
security services “traitors.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A century ago, there was a
controversial Zionist leader, Vladimir Jabotinsky, who broke ranks with the
World Zionist Organization, and with the leadership of the Labor Zionists. He
was a dramatic orator and thinker, whose ideas did influence the Zionist
leadership. Nevertheless, his enemies blasted him as a <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>" Fascist", a "
Mussolini". <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Just
to confuse you, as I mentioned Prime Minister Shamir, the head of the
right-wing Likud, he was a member of the very militant group, Lehi—which was
po-Stalinist, pro-Bolshevik. It’s just to tell you that it is hard to tell left
from right.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The left-right split is complicated by
the religious-secular split.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Religious Jews speak of the secular
Jews with disdain. The word in Hebrew for secular is " Hiloni, " but
many pronounce it "Holani",sick. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In 1990, the leader of the
Ultra-Orthodox, Lithuanian party, Rabbi Schach, was to have supported Labor in
favor of negotiations with the Palestinians and was to have declared his
support for the Labor Party. Instead of talking about the need for compromise,
which he supported, he suddenly began to lambast the Kibbutz movement, Labor's
vanguard . When he said " mechaleley Shabbes, boalei nidos, ochlei
nevelos",(Violate the Sabbath, have sex with menstruants, and eat
carrion)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>, broadcast live over Israeli
television, any thought of coalition politics vanished.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The language of militant secularists
is hardly better. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>An Israeli journalist, a staunch
secularist, in a respectable " Mekoman", a local paper, which is
often more exciting than the major national papers, wrote<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of a horrible "Big Brother State" ,
dominated by the religious parties. He used description of sexual molestation
and body snatching by haredim, the ultra-Orthodox, in language that would have
well fit any anti-Semitic tract.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The French have a great phrase: “Plus
ça change, plus c’est la même chose”-The more it changes, the more it stays the
same. Or, to take from our own source, Koheleth, “Mah she Hayah-hu sheyihyeh”
That which as been, is that which shall be.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But we sit here, in the US. We are
comfortable, at ease ( sort of).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Older Americans, non-Jews and Jews alike,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>have followed the news in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>general, and know that Jews in Israel have
been the target of historic aggression by outside armies and internal attacks
by terrorists.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">However,
I look at surveys of young Americans. And I am concerned. Younger Americans can
barely find Israel on a map of the middle east, if they can find the middle
east in the first place. That, I recognize, is part of a historic pattern of
Americans being, in general, indifferent to the outside world, as two large
oceans separate us physically, and even after Pearl Harbor, the Cold War, and
9/11 reminded us we can’t turn a blind eye, still, we do tend to be distant
from other nations’ turmoil. Thus, three Presidents in a row have been trying
to pull us out of the Middle East ( with no luck).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">But
I am concerned about our younger Jews, who like Esther, are reluctant to run to
the King on behalf of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>her people. Our
younger Jews know somewhat more about Israel, but they, like so many young,
want to be seen as progressive, as on the side of justice and the underdog, and
like their non-Jewish counterparts, have been sold on the idea that Israel’s
very existence is an act settler colonialism and white supremacy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I
just give you one example, of a review of Golda by a Noah Berlatsky,
criticizing Golda on CNN:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In
“Golda,” casting <a href="https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/25/entertainment/gallery/helen-mirren/index.html">Mirren</a> —
a White, internationally renowned, British actress — is a metaphor for the way
the film blurs Israeli identity with a generalized White, Western identity. By
doing so, it attaches Israel’s moment of crisis to a tradition of triumphalist
American military films that validates the virtue of the US, of Israel and of
whiteness.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">….
“Golda” turns that into a straightforward story of righteous White Western
victimization and ultimate triumph. It’s able to do that, in part, because it
makes sense, to Western audiences, for a famous White actor like Mirren to
play a Jewish leader like Meir who also broadly fits in the cultural
category of “White” for most Western audiences.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">(<a href="https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/26/opinions/golda-meir-movie-helen-mirren-history-berlatsky/index.html">https://www.cnn.com/2023/08/26/opinions/golda-meir-movie-helen-mirren-history-berlatsky/index.html</a>)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">True,
Anwar Sadat was on the dark side, but his wife, Jehan, was half-Brit and fairly
white. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The
Syrians, who attacked from the north in the same Yom Kippur War, were white-bread
as well. Certainly, the Syrians I have met, are lighter than me, and lighter
than half of Israelis. In, fact, except for the cast of the movie “Exodus”, can
you find me some actual “ white “ Jews? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I
mean, in Europe, we were Asians, and killed for that, but in western Asia (
yes, Israel is Asian) we are attacked for being Europeans.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Playing
this white card, by a Jew, can be a very dangerous game.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">For
those of you who escaped the former Soviet Union, you recall the Yevsetkzia,
the Jewish apparatchiks in the system who betrayed their fellow Jews,
until<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>they in turn were betrayed and
liquidated. Or those of you who fled from the Khomeinist regime, you know of so
many young Jews who rallied behind Khomeini and against the Shah, believing in
a better and open society.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">So,
I am very concerned for our young Jews, who have no personal experience of the
Israel’s precarious existence, and whose professors at Princeton force required
textbooks that state that Israel uses Palestinians for body parts.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Yes,
it is very easy to turn away from Israel at the sight of turmoil and
accusations of “ dictatorship” of the courts, versus “ dictatorship” of the
masses.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">So
it becomes our job, the old guard, to remind or teach our young Jews what
Israel has achieved, despite the flaws and despite the divisions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I
say it as “ we”, because, even as Jews of the diaspora, in our support and
backing, have had a hand in this.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">We,
a defeated and devastated people, despised by Christians and Muslims alike, for
nearly<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2000 years, a people who had one
third of our body chopped off in the space of a few years, came back to life to
create an independent state, one that held its own against overwhelming
military odds, multiple times.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">We
breathed new life into a land that had been neglected and laid to waste by
centuries of misadministration by outside conquerors, especially the Ottomans,
not the Europeans.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">We
gave new life to a language , Hebrew, that had been relegated to pious prayers
and religious texts, one of the oldest languages in continuous use on earth,
and is now the spoken tongue of millions of Jews and Arabs as well.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">A
people that had been scattered over the entire planet, a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>people disconnected from each other in many
ways over the centuries, a people of many tongues and customs, a people some of
whom were creating the Avant Garde of modern civilization and some of whom were
still living in antiquity, have been brought back together to shape one nation,
despite such unbridgeable differences.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">A
people who, at the start of independence, 75 years ago, had to ration the very
basics of food, has become Start Up Nation, a nation whose largest city, Tel
Aviv, ranks now as the world’s most expensive.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">A
nation that brought into its borders many times over its population over the
space of a few years, people often malnourished, ill, physically devastated,
Today, the Israelis occupy spot number 10 in in world in life expectancy, and 4th
happiest place in the world, according to a UN report. Israelis are
happy-despite facing existential dangers—it is almost Disneyland by that
measure.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">So,
when I look at the demonstrations on the street, in Israel, now going on for
close to a year, yes it is demoralizing, and yes Israel does not now seem like
the happiest place on earth. However for us all, both Jews here in the United
states and for Israelis, both Jews and Arabs (who want to be part of this state
of Israel not part of a Palestinian state), it is essential to look back at what
has been accomplished despite all the obstacles and despite all the
impossibilities.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Theodore
Herzl , the visionary founder of the concept of the state of Israel, stated<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“
When one will it, it is no legend.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The
State of Israel is no legend. Yes, it is still going through its growing pains,
after ¾ of a century, but it is no legend. The people have made it past 1948
and past Yom Kippur of 1973. They will make it past the struggles of democracy
and the courts of 2023 and we here are part and parcel of that story.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Am Yisrael Chai. The people of Israel live.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><br /><p></p><p></p>Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-85155139019199724282023-09-26T22:10:00.003-07:002023-09-26T22:10:48.993-07:00Now that’s what you call living! Kol Nidre 2023<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Kol
Nidre<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><!--[if supportFields]><span
style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span>PRIVATE
</span><![endif]--><!--[if supportFields]><span style='font-family:"Arial",sans-serif'><span
style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">2023 5784<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Now
that’s what you call living!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I want to share with you this old
story, of a funeral procession. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>One of the participants at the funeral
takes a look at the funeral procession--- one stretch limousine after another,
on and on. Then at the cemetery, a shining gold colored coffin. Flowers by the
ton on top, all the family dressed to the nines in high fashion, a marble
monument that towers above everyone.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The participant looks at all the
wealth and riches spent for this funeral and decides," <u>Dus Heist gelebt</u>."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Now, that's what you call living! <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">In
other words, for those of us in need of an explanation of a joke, that is no
joke, we are much more focused on what has been achieved in life, than on where
we are going in the next one.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Now as we are gathered for the Kol Nidre
eve, we are very much focused on what we have really done in our lives,
especially in the past year. Tomorrow, we will add the Yizkor service, which is
very significant in the Ashkenazi <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tradition for a variety of historical reasons.
So tomorrow we will focus on those who are no longer with us, but again we will
ask the question ,”what was it that they did in their lives and how does it <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>reflect on us in our lives?”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>At a Jewish funeral, you may have noticed that
one person is not allowed to go to the graveside. A Cohen, a descendant of the
High Priest Aaron--may not attend, unless it is for an immediate relative. The
Cohen will stand on the road leading to the grave, but not step foot on the grounds
itself. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">That's a strange absence. In antiquity,
before there were Rabbis, there were Kohanim, Priests.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We expect that Rabbis to go to the
cemetery—why didn’t our Torah allow the Priest, the equivalent of a Rabbi in
his day, to go?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We are given the special regulations
regarding the Kohanim- the priests, who, in Biblical times, conducted the
sacred rituals of the ancient Temple. The priests had to meet high standards of
ritual purity than did the people.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When did people come to the priest?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At the birth of a child, the mother
would come to give an offering of purification.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When life was going wrong- the sinner
would come to give a sin offering, as a step towards making amends.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When life was going well, the grateful
person would offer a <u>korban shlamim</u>, a peace offering.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Who would you turn to then, in ancient
times, when life came to an end? Why to the Priest, No?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A few years ago, the burial treasures
of King Tut were on display at the LA County Museum on Fairfax. There was a
huge billboard on the side of the museum with the image of King Tut on it. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Why do we have a good image of Pharaoh,
but nothing remaining of Moses, or Aaron, or the great Kings of Israel?. Blame
the priest, or blame the Rabbi of his day.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">In ancient Egypt, that's when the priest
began to work. We have the Egyptian’s Book of the Dead; we've seen displays of
their mummies, and photographs of the pyramids. That art of embalming and
preserving the image of the ruler—was the job of the priest. And so it was in
other ancient religions--the priest was there to guide the dead in the next life.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What about our priest, our Cohen?
Where is the priest at that moment, just when you need him the most ? Where was
the Rabbi of those years? In the Torah, just at that moment, when we would
think the priest was indispensable, the priest disappears. - <u>La nefesh lo
yitamah beamav--</u> He shall not defile himself for the dead among his people.
Only for his immediate family- father, mother, and so forth.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So, just when you think you would need
a priest the most-- he is not there. Even till today, only if there is
absolutely no one else able to do it, may a Cohen take care of the burial. Only
if there is no other person capable of doing it. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Today, we expect the Rabbi to do it,
but we have to remember, that in Judaism, the Rabbi is just like anyone else,
not sacred, not sanctified, just another Jew<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>who just happens to know what he, or she is doing. No more, no less.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This practice goes hand in hand with
another Biblical order:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Throughout the ancient world, when people went
to the cemetery, they would leave gifts, often food. Again, in ancient Egypt,
in the pyramids, there was always plenty of food. When Pharaoh died, he had
food and all his possessions placed in the tomb. In ancient China, when the
emperor died, he had all his goods placed in the tomb. Even till today, in many
societies there is the same practice, of placing food at the grave, for the
deceased.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What does the Torah ask of us? In
Deuteronomy, we were told that every third year, we take a tenth of all our produce,
and we give it away--we give it to the Levite, who had no land, to the orphan and
the widow, who had no provider, and to the immigrant, who had no job or
protector--we had to give it away to them, no questions asked, and then
declare," I have not eat of it when I was in mourning, nor have I handled
it when I was impure from the dead, nor did I give any of it to the dead."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Just what was expected in every other
religion of the day-- just that was forbidden in the Torah.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Most religious beliefs worry about the
next world--what we do there. How we stay there. What happens to us there. How
we get there.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jews, too, have no end of
speculations, but Judaism, the Torah, came to teach us about this life, this world.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The priest kept away from the dead, to
remind us that we should deal with life.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The sacred offerings were forbidden to
the dead, to remind us that we had to meet the need of the living first.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Torah is amazingly silent about
what goes on in the next life. We are not allowed to have a séance with the
dead, we cannot try to raise the souls of the dead, and we are not told what
happens.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Instead, the Psalms sings out<u>"
Lo Hametim yehalelu yah, vlo kol yardei duma"</u><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The dead don't sing praise to God, or
those that go down in silence- “<u>Va anachnu nevarech yah”</u> -But we will
praise the Lord from this time on and forevermore. Haleluyah."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">What is it that we sing with so much
gusto during the service- <u>“ zochreniu lechaiym, meleckh hafets bchayim,
vkatvenu besefer hachayim,lemancha, elohim chyaim.</u>,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Remember us for life, O King who delights in
Life, and inscribe us in the book of life, O God of Life.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The concept of a reward in heaven is a big
deal for the Rabbis, but they taught us not to pray to get into Heaven, but to
stay alive, not to hurry to the next world, but to create a life such that
Heaven is here, in our every day actions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Thus, Judaism is above all a life‑affirming
religion. That's why, when we raise a cup of wine, in celebration, we begin
with the affirmation, " LeChayim." That is why one of the most
popular symbols in Jewish artwork is the word," in Hebrew"
"Chai"-Alive, and the favorite gift to a charity is the number 18, to
represent the Hebrew letters used to spell Chai, alive. When we give to a charity,
we affirm our belief in the goodness and value of life that God created and
gave us.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There is a very popular slogan, a good
one, which I have heard. " God didn't create junk". When God creates
the universe, God discovers, over and again, " Ki Tov"-- Behold it is
good.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>God didn't make junk, and that
includes each and every one of us.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is all for one purpose-- to tell
us" Dus heist gelebt"--this is what you call living. This life, this
day that we face, each and every day. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Torah, Judaism, teaches us how to
live. 24 books of the Bible- 63 texts of the Talmud, the numerous books of
responsa, midrash, philosphy, and law--all of the come to teach us how to live,
to teach us the value and purpose of our lives.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Therefore, we are commanded to watch
over our health, and guard our lives, above all other commands, except for
idolatry, adultery, and murder. We are forbidden to engage in any dangerous activity,
and for the same reason, commanded to seek good health and medicine. We are
taught that God presented us our Torah, our teaching, for one purpose," <u>V
Chay Bahem</u>" you shall live because of them." We do not kill
ourselves for our religion—or kill others with us to become martyrs—but we do
live for our religion.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Torah pleads with us to choose
life: God has put before us,” Life and death, blessing and curse.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Choose life‑ if you and your offspring would
live by loving the Lord your God, heeding His commands, and holding fast to
Him<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Deuteronomy 30:19‑20).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What we need, however, is not just to
be alive, but make our lives full. There is a popular book that recently
appeared on the teachings and actions of the late head of the Habad Hasidism, Rebbe
Menahem Mendel Schneerson. Whether one agreed or disagreed with their
philosophy, the title of the book is itself telling.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">It
is called" Toward a Meaningful Life."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>What the late Rebbe was striving for,
and what we are all supposed to strive for, is " A Meaningful Life."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I want to recall an account that
reflected a similar message.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A few years ago, a vicious criminal
held a woman hostage at gun point. She had had a rough life and had found
comfort in a book by a Christian minister. She talked about it and read from it
to the gunman. It moved him so much that he let her go and give himself up to
the authorities. It was a very simple, clearly written book by Pastor Rick
Warren, titled,” The Purpose Driven Life,” and the subtitle,” What on Earth am
I here for?!”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>He gives the answers through a devout
Christian perspective, but the title and the question already contain the answer.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Our lives take on new dimensions when we feel
a purpose in them, and we have a sense that we are each here for a purpose. It
is what the Kabbalists called, <u>Tzorekh Gavohah</u>”, a Higher purpose, that
in our living well and meaningfully, we repair and heal God’s universe and even
heal the pain inside God.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Can we sum it all up in a nutshell, in
the title of a Book, in a Caption?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The great ancient teacher of Judaism,
Hillel, was excellent at condensing great philosophy into the one- minute sound
bite.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This was his prescription:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><u>Im ain ani li mi</u>- if I am not
for myself, who will be for me.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sure, look out for number One. We can
go through life depending on others. We need to be capable of fending for our
selves, caring for our needs, because we can count on the rest of the world to
do it for us.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But, <u>Ukshe ani leatzmi, mah ani.</u><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>If I am only for myself, then what am
I?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We don't live for ourselves alone. We
are part of our family, our neighborhood, our society, and part and parcel. We
gain our value and purpose when we live also on behalf of those around us.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Finally, <u>V im lo achshav, eimatai.</u><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>If not now, when.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>If we follows these guidelines, and
truly study and learn our religious teachings, we will create our meaningful lives,
we will have that modern buzz word," Spirituality," and, while we are
alive and well, we will be able to say of our selves," Dus Heist
gelebt" --That what you call living. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Besefer Chayim, Brachah ve shalkom,
ufarnasah tovah, nezakher ve noikatev// In the book of life , blessing, and
peace and good sustenance, may we be remembered and inscribed before thee, we
and all thy people Israel, for a Good life and for peace. Amen.Lechayim to us
all.<o:p></o:p></span></p>Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-57129953449215149332023-09-26T22:09:00.003-07:002023-09-26T22:09:43.651-07:00What do you see? Rosh Hashanah Day 2 2023<p> </p><h1><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;">What do you see?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rosh Hashanah Day 2 2023<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">I don't know how many of you are familiar with this, but it
is an old Jewish practice that when we give anyone a name or cause someone up
to the Torah, we usually use the father's name and I'm sorry, it seems we
forget the mother's name.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">However whenever we invoke the prayer for illness all of a
sudden the tables are turned. We invoke the blessing on the person in the name
of his or her mother, and the father is ignored. What is the reasoning behind
it?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;">It is because as we have seen too often in history, that
has been running around setting up business, or turning history upside down,
but it is the mom who is there with the family caring for the children and when
the children are hurt or ill she is the one who is crying. Certainly it was so
in earlier times, and today we want to believe that both parents are equally
wrapped up in their children's well beings, but I leave it to your judgment and
experience if that is really the case.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We speak in terms of “Yom HaDin”, Day
of Judgement, and the image of God as judge, as king, as father, all male,
harsh, and cold images. We think of an Abraham, taking his son, unemotionally,
up on the altar, the abstract ideologue, so wrapped in his vision, that all
else fades away.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But this is only one half of the
story.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Every element in this season is
associated with Atonement, Kippurim, achieving forgiveness, Slichah, and even
more so, with a plea for Rachamim. Rachamim, Mercy, or compassionate love,
comes from the word, “Rechem”- the womb, the uterus, that part of the woman, as
mother, as giver of life, as nurturer. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hence, our Torah reading of the first
day deals, first, with God remembering Sarah, as he promised. It follows with
the tension between two mothers, Sarah and Hagar, as to which son, Isaac or
Ishmael, is to be the heir to the message of Abraham. The Haftarah focus on the
anguish of Hannah, who is the love object of her husband, yet feels unfulfilled
as she is barren, childless. Tomorrow, our Haftarah reading depicts a
despondent mother, Rachel, moaning as she sees her children led off to slavery
in a distant land. It is the Holy One who now breaks down at Rachel’s tears and
declare that the Israel is his own ben yakir li”, my dear son,’yeled
sha’shuim”, the child whom he has indulged and spoiled. In the Torah reading of
the second Day, too, Sarah is present by her absence. The classical Jewish
mother. The Midrash says that as she hears of Abraham hauling Isaac up the
mountain, she dies of heartbreak. How do we know? Because in the very next
paragraph, Sarah is dead. Father is abstract; mother is all too much there.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So, this is very much a herstory, not
a history.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>At this point, I am going to pivot my
focus on to one mother, the one who seems to be neglected, passed over by
history, in our version, a least, Hagar. Truth be told, she is central to
today’s reading. She is central because in her character, we learn about seeing
and sight. We understand that she is blinded by her misery and pain. In story
number two, Sarah dies; in this story, Hagar is immobilized and can not see her
son’s salvation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sight and its counterpart, blindness, are
as much a matter of our insight and outlook as it is a matter of photons
striking the rods and cones in our retina.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Blind people who can see, while
sighted people are visionless, is a popular theme for many a writer.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Many years back, there was a play and
a movie; called <u>Butterflies are Free</u>, the story of a young man, blind
from birth.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>His mother reminds him of the
children's tales she composed of "Little Donny Dark" with his
slogan" There are none as blind as those who will not see". While the
line may sound trite and commonplace, it rings too true for us all--there are
those who have no eyesight, yet know very well where they are going, and
others, with 20/20 vision, who are constantly walking into walls.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>For Rosh Hashanah, for a time in which
we are to look inside ourselves, it is appropriate that our Torah reading of
both days deals with being able and ready to see.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The first days reading deals with
mother Hagar, abandoned in the desert, outcast, with her son Ishmael, who is
dying of thirst. She has given up all hope, steps back at the distance of a
bow’s shot because, “I cannot look at the death of my child.” God hears the
child’s cry, an angel asks, typical Jewish fashion, a question, “Mah Lach
Hagar?” Literally, “What’s it for you”, a kind ironic surprise, to say,” What
are you worried about, what’s the matter.”Then”Al tiri”-Don’t be afraid!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Just then, our reading says:<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Vayifkah eyeneha-God opened her eyes and “hiney”-behold
there is a well.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Where did this well come from so
mysteriously? Our Rabbis never liked the idea of miraculously appearing wells.
“Hiney”-It’s here. !<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Our commentaries suggest that the well
had been there all along. In her anguish, Hagar had been blind to the solution,
to the well of water next to her. By putting fear aside, she was able to see
what was there, all along. Water, life, and a future for her child and his
progeny.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On the second day, we read of Abraham
and Isaac. This is a parallel with the Ishmael account, only here, Isaac is in
danger. We know nothing of Abraham’s emotions. That is common in Biblical
story-telling, and he is, unlike the mother, the macho, the stoic—doesn’t show
anything. But here, too, we realize that he is blind, for we are told, with the
same word as used in the story of the well, " vayar vehiney ayil aher"-Abraham
sees and ,”hinei,behold there is another ram, "a ram to offer instead of
his son. Did the ram just mysteriously appear?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Rather, it was there because Abraham was no longer blinded by his zeal,
ready to recognize that his loyalty to God did not require the sacrifice of his
beloved Isaac. Appropriately, the site is then called: Adonay Yireh"-God
sees."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>So, we learn form our mothers, and
from our fathers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sight, ordinary eyesight, as we sense
it, depends<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>as much on what our mind
creates as what our eyes see. This is one of the classic givens of psychology. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sight itself is just a mass of information-
light in its different frequencies strikes the retina, hits the rods and cones,
and provides stimulation to the optic nerve. It is the mind which comprehends
these as light and dark, colors, shapes-- it is our mind which then coordinates
and interprets to produce vision.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is
true for physical vision. it also holds true for emotional and spiritual
vision.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In truth, people who are physically
blind can often be aware of sights that most, with good eyesight, are blind to.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"Better blind of eye than blind
of heart (Midrash Ahikar 2.48) is how the Midrash phrased it, or" Not the
eye but the heart is blind,” in the words of the poet, ibn Gabirol (Mivhar
Hapninim). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Helen Keller, deaf and blind from the age of
two, who established so much of the principals used today in making the blind
self-sufficient, once claimed:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"I have walked with people whose
eyes are full of light, but who see nothing in woods, sea or sky, nothing in
the city street, nothing in books. What a witless masquerade is this seeing: <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It were better far to sail forever/<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In the night of blindness/ <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>With sense and feeling and mind<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Than to be thus content with the mere
act of seeing.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">They
have the sunset, the morning skies, the purple of distant hills, yet their
souls voyage through this enchanted world with nothing but a barren
stare."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Hagar, lost in the wilderness,
was blind to a simple well; with words of hope, she could see what was there
all along. Abraham, a man of vision, could see that his ultimate sacrifice did
not include his own beloved son.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We too, like them, need to open our eyes
constantly both to our physical world and to our immediate personal world. We
can find a paradise or we can be blinded and find a hell--or worse--- a
boredom.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Being able to see the spiritual, the healing,
the noble and the sacred is a special gift in itself. Our very religion is
based on the readiness to see what others have missed. It is Moses who goes
into the desert to discover the burning bush, and this is how the poet,
Elizabeth Barrett Browning described the experience:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Earth's crammed with heaven<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>/ And every common bush afire with
God/<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>But only he who sees, takes off his
shoes/<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The rest sit around and pluck
blackberries."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This thought was echoed by the
quintessential American philosopher, Ralph Waldo Emerson, who put it this
way," If we meet no gods, it is because we harbor none. If there is
grandeur in you, you will find grandeur in porters and sweeps."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Two centuries ago, the English mystic
and poet, William Blake warned against a world taken over by the cold force of
reason and the wheels of industry--He presaged a world of guillotine, gas
chamber and gulag. He called for a return to vision, in his words:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>To
see a world in a grain of sand/<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">And a
heaven in a wild flower/<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">Hold
infinity in the palm of your hand/<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;">And
eternity in an hour.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The very essence of the Jewish people, our
ability to exist for so many centuries, is precisely because we, as a people,
as a sacred community, followed in this pattern of being willing to open our
eyes to visions of the sacred.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>An ancient Midrash describes Abraham
our ancestor having a vision of a castle glowing with shimmering lights. A
voice comes from heaven and tells him," Can there be such a glowing,
shining castle without the Lord of the castle." Thus, it is said, he saw
the sanctity and holiness in the world, and recognized the existence of a
divine source of this sanctity.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>There are those of us who go through
life seeing the flames of divinity in every wall and corner. There rest of us
see and hear nothing, only pitch black.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-right: .5in; mso-hyphenate: none; tab-stops: -.5in; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; letter-spacing: -.15pt; line-height: 200%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>On<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>this Rosh Hashanah day, we need to learn, both from our mothers and our
fathers, may we open our eyes like Hagar and see the wells of sustenance, may
we open our eyes like Abraham and find our offerings of thanksgiving, may we
see infinity and eternity, may we find cheyn vahesed- Grace and favor-- in the
eyes of God and our fellow man and woman. Amen.<o:p></o:p></span></p>Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-44762632952944806502023-09-26T22:08:00.000-07:002023-09-26T22:08:09.621-07:00 The Purpose of Adam <p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Purpose of Adam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2023 RH Day 1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I will tell you a story about the
Hebrew school teacher, the melamed, who wanted to show off to the Rabbi how
well his smallest children, in first grade, had learned their lessons. The Rabbi
as schedule to visit the class, and he would show how well they learned.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>" Yankele", when the Rabbi
asks you," Who made you," you will say "God".<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Itzik, when the Rabbi asks you "
from what" you will say" from the earth".<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>They study this lesson over and again,
and finally, comes the day of the visit.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Rabbi walks in and the little
children fall silent in awe at the distinguished visitor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Rabbi, as expected asks the
children" Who made you?". Nobody answers, Silence. He asks again. No
answer. And again. still no answer. Finally, one little youngster raises his hand.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">"
Please Rabbi, the boy that God made--he is home sick with the flu."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fortunately, we know the answer, and
we don't need to look for the boy who is home with the flu.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Still, if we talk about God making man
and woman, we can ask, " What is this Adam, this man and woman, that God
created. It's an ancient question, probably as ancient as the day Adam first
opened his eyes. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Now as
we're talking about creation of the human being and this is Rosh Hashanah we
want to talk about this as the beginning of the Jewish year we may ask
ourselves the question of what it is that we are celebrating or marking.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Like
everything there's no straight answer, we have to think through the why’s.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">First we have to understand that there is a dispute in the Talmud
itself about when the world is created so that according to one sage it was
created in the month of Nissan the month in which Pesach falls. On the other
hand there's another sage who states that the world was created in Tishri. That
is this month, of course, which we always assume is the reason we have Rosh
Hashanah, the beginning of the year at this point. (Talmud Rosh Hashanah 10 b).
Thus, when we blow the Shofar in the Musaf, we announce, Hayom Harat
Olam-Today, the world came into being.!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">However to confuse matters more we have a conflicting theory that Rosh
Hashanah is not the birthday of the world but the birthday of the first human
being, Adam. That would mean that the creation of the world actually takes
place six days before, on Ellul 25, and Adam is the culmination on the 1st day
of Tishrei.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Here is the source Pesikta d Rav Kahana 23 :1<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: HE;">תני ר' אליע' בעשרים
וחמשה באלול נברא העולם</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: HE;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: HE;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: HE;">Rabbi Eliezer gives an hour by hour
description of the first day of the human being from the moment that he is
shaped through to the moment that he enters Eden, through the moment that he
sins and is brought to judgment. At the 12th hour ,the end of that day he is
then acquited.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: HE;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: HE;">בשתים עשרה יצא
בדימוס מלפני הק"ב. א' לו הקב"ה, אדם, זה סימן לבניך כשם שנכנסתה לפניי
בדין ביום הזה ויצאתה בדימוס, כך עתידין בניך להיות נכנסין לפניי בדין ביום הזה
ויוצאין בדימוס. אימתי, בחדש השביעי באחד לחדש (ויקרא כג:כד)</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: HE;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: HE;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-bidi-language: HE;">From this the Rabbi concludes that the
holy one told the first human ,”this shall be a sign to your children that just
as you came before me in judgment on this day and left my presence acquitted so
in the future your children shall stand in front of me in judgment on this day
and they shall go out as aquited, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and
when is this? In the 7th month on the first day of the month.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-language: HE;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt; mso-bidi-language: HE;">This is a great moral tie in for us with Rosh
Hashanah because the creation of the world whether 6000 years ago or 6 billion
or 60 billion really doesn't affect us not one way or the other. But tying in
this beginning of the year with the beginning of our coming to grips with our
weaknesses and then finding our compassion and our being cleansed of our
weakness, that becomes the real reason for making this Rosh Hashanah the beginning
of our year.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>One
of the ancient scholars of Israel, Ben Azzai, said that the greatest verse of the
Torah is found in the 3rd chapter of Genesis:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>" This is the book of the history
of Adam. God created Adam in the divine image, male and female he created
them."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This idea, of the human being as the
pinnacle of creation, and as , indeed, the goal of creation, is much laughed at
in popular thought—we are, it is claimed, no more than a variation of the dna molecules
we share with a worm, or even a bacteria. It is a very distressing world view,
one which leaves us human beings as miserable wretches, of no intrinsic
sanctity. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">To
make matters worse, we are in an era in which all our concepts of what it means
to be human are in question. What is male , what is female? As we move towards
Artificial Intelligence, can silicon chips have a soul?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify; text-indent: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">The question of what it means to be human goes back to the first Adam.
I don’t know if a whale asks” what it means to be a whale.” I don’t know if a
dog asks “what it means to be a dog?” But humans have been asking, and in
antiquity, the answer was depressing.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">Our
modern responses are a throwback to the ancient pagan concept, as we have
recorded in the sagas of the middle east, that ancient Israel knew very well and
rejected, that the human is shaped out if the blood of the demon and condemned
to feed the gods.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Judaism comes to oppose that
perspective. Hence, Rosh Hashanah marks the creation of the human being.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A member of my former congregation,
Reuven Weisman, of blessed memory, had been a noted Jewish educator, and he
taught me a saying from his father, a noted Rabbinic scholar in earlier days.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>What is man? He is like Jacob's famous ladder,
Sulam muztav arza v rosho magia hashamayma<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>.We are a ladder, whose base rests on earth, but whose head reaches into
the heavens."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We may be mere mortals, tiny, limited
, but our souls, our potentials, our mind, and spirit, are capable of reaching
to the heavens. Yes, at core, like the earth we are made from, we share the dna
of the worm and the bacteria. But as humans, we are not doomed to be stuck in
the mud, “Sulam mutzav artsa” the ladder whose foot is stuck in the mud, but “
Rosho magia hashamayma”, the head can reach the heavens.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>What<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>better statement of the regard for the human
potential, than these words by Rabbi Nehemiah. " One person is equal to
all of creation."<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>( Av d Rabbi
Nathan 31)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The human , Adam, is not some
miserable victim, to accept is miserable passivity what nature has given out.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>A sceptic once challenged Rabbi
Akiba-- who creates more beautiful works--God or man?<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After all, look at the skies and the heavens.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rabbi Akiba answered."These
objects are out of our reach, true, but what ever we can get our hands on,we
can do better. Man creates more beautiful works. God produces wheat , but we
make fine cakes. God<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>produces flax, but
we make fine clothing of it."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>It is the human being who is capable
of bringing perfection and completion to the world. It is man, meaning both
male and female, who are God's partners in creation, partners in creation when
we act righteously and do good.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>In Kabbalistic lore, mankind is
created precisely to complete the creation of the universe. We are created, the
mystics said, lezorech gavohah, we are created for the greatest need, for tikun
olam, to restore the world to its pristine glory.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>If we are to see our selves as the
pinnacle of creation, we also need to see that we are often miserable brats,
falling far short of our potential. That is what we see in the second story of
creation, when Adam and Eve are out and about in the real world.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I had the privilege of serving as
student secretray to one of the great religious teachers of this century,
Rabbi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Abraham Joshua Heshel, who had
marched arm in arm with the late Dr. Martin Luther King in Selma , Alabama.
This is how he described the quandary of the human, created in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the divine image, yet striking out on day 1
in the Park.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>“ All<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>of human history as described in the Bible may be summarized in one
phrase: God is in search of man.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">When
Adam and Eve hid from his presence, the Lord called," Where are you"(
Gen 3:9).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>"God is in need of man for the
attainment of his ends ...<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;">God is
looking for a" partner in creation" . . .He continued, in quoting the
ancient sages," The wicked rely on their gods, but the righteous are a
support for God."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>God is always looking for us. He needs
us, but we don't always want to be found. When we are found, we don't always
want to answer to our failings.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>When<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Adam sins, he covers himself with the infamous fig leaf,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hides in the bushes , and then blames his
wife, Eve. She in turn, blames the snake. No one wants to take responsibility.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The same thing happends with Cain,
version 2.0 to the Adam 1.0.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>God asks Cain a simple question,"
Where is your brother , Abel?," and Cain denies all responsibility,"
Am I my brothers keeper?." <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>God is always calling us, and we are
always either hiding, or coming up with lame excuses. We run away from what we
are capable of , run away from our potential.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>We have tremendous capacity for good,
which we often are afraid of letting loose.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>The Danish philsopher and theologian,
Soren Kierkegaard, offered this advice:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A possibility is a hint from God. One must
follow it. In every man there is latent the highest possibility; one must
follow it. " He then continues, we each must say: Trusting to God, I have
dared, even though I was not successful; in that is peace , calm, a confidence
in God.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But to say: I have not dared;
that is a woeful thought, a torement in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>eternity."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>I'll tell a fair answer to such a
challenge. A teacher<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tried to explain
life to his students:" Life is like a game."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One student raised his hand, If life is like a
game, how can we play if we don't know where the goal posts are?"( Charles
Wallis)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Here are the goal posts-- two goals in
Jewish tradition-- <u>Beyn adam lamakom and beyn adam lehavero</u>--Between
human and God, and between human and human.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Beyn Adam lemakom-Between Human and
God--these are the acts of worship, the disciplines<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of Judaism, the cycles of the day, the week
and the seasons.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>This is the easy goal to reach. Even
if you miss the goal post by miles, God is an easy going referee, and you get
the points.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Between human and human--these are the
moral acts of righteousness and lovingkindness, and this is the harder goal to
reach. The referee is not God, but your fellow, your neighbor, as well as
stranger.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>With people, a miss is as
good as a mile.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Keep these two goals in mind and you
will surely score the goals, or make the basket or hit a home run.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>May we all, indeed, see the day, when
humanity, perfected under the kingship of teh Almighty, will prove worthy of
being the culmination of creation. Amen.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 24.0pt; mso-hyphenate: none; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; letter-spacing: -.15pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-44813642592951869532023-09-08T14:49:00.000-07:002023-09-08T14:49:03.499-07:00Join Hollywood Temple Beth El for these High Holy Days with a mix of Ashkenazic and Sephardic Services<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0DF7PXypCbFt8xmLKgt6PNlsJXT8Q0xAMYorbzUaVvC_EUluOQhoKxpv4qbMc9WJSu-qVn-48AxXO99IZ4VrdKcUPal3CGgG8xHhdPGsKUUwF7S0f30AxE8e4-d_hfowh9lZbPQVP3657t3ZymIEhqOap6m235Gn9iXbuqOa-asMf3TUyfAvC_4PHgSIy/s700/Main%20sanctuary.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="700" height="458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg0DF7PXypCbFt8xmLKgt6PNlsJXT8Q0xAMYorbzUaVvC_EUluOQhoKxpv4qbMc9WJSu-qVn-48AxXO99IZ4VrdKcUPal3CGgG8xHhdPGsKUUwF7S0f30AxE8e4-d_hfowh9lZbPQVP3657t3ZymIEhqOap6m235Gn9iXbuqOa-asMf3TUyfAvC_4PHgSIy/w640-h458/Main%20sanctuary.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p><h2><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br style="background-color: white; color: #222222;" /></span><span style="font-size: medium;">Hollywood Temple Beth El members are excited to return to the main</span> <span style="font-size: medium;">sanctuary for High Holy Day services as we celebrate over 100 years of </span></span></h2><p></p><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">service to our community.<br /></span></h2><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Rise up on High these High Holy Days with our blend of traditional and </span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">contemporary Ashkenazic and Sephardic prayers and melodies, with </span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">teachings by Rabbi Norbert Weinberg and Dr. Isaac Norman, and chanting by </span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Cantor Issac Boudaie. Our personalized prayer book is specially designed </span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">with contemporary readings, translations, and transliterations, to make the </span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">ancient Hebrew liturgy accessible and address the spiritual search of the </span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">contemporary Jew, while we add some Jewish soul music background to the </span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">services to elevate the mood.<br /></span></h2><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Rabbi Norbert Weinberg stated,"We have always looked to the Jewish </span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">religious and communal needs of the people of our unique neighborhoods. </span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">We identify ourselves as following the traditions of Judaism while making it </span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">work for the 21st century. For that reason, we have men and women together </span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">participating in our services, and we have reached out to the home-bound </span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">and the ill or elderly through our live streaming of our services. We blend the </span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">religious traditions of our communities, who bring the traditions of Ladino, </span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Persian, and Eastern Europe Jewry, as well as the modern traditions of </span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">American Jewry . We have been a home to Jews who survived the <br /></span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Holocaust, and who fled oppression from the former Soviet Union<br /></span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"> and the current regime in Iran. In doing so, we are keeping </span>alive <span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;">the project</span></h2><div style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: large;"> <b>started by the founders of this, the first synagogue of</b></span><b><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><span style="font-size: medium;">the Hollywood</span></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> area, the same founders of the great entertainment industry that<br /></span><span style="font-family: arial;"><br /></span></span></b></div><div style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><b><span style="font-size: medium;"><span style="font-family: arial;"> has shaped this dynamic metropolis."</span></span></b></div><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">This is part and parcel of the broader project to bring new life to the historic </span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">sanctuary by the Iranian American Jewish Center, the umbrella organization </span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">of this historic sanctuary.<br /></span></h2><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Rosh HaShanah this year begins Friday evening, September 15 and runs </span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">through Sunday, September 17. Yom Kippur begins Sunday evening, </span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">September 24, and continues through Monday, September 25 . The services </span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">will be conducted in the synagogue, with access through streaming services </span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">for those unable to attend in person.<br /></span></h2><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Seating is $125 per adult,children need no tickets, and zoom is $36.</span></div><div><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></div><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Reservation of seats or zoom access can be done here on Eventbrite </span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">at <a href="https://www.eventbrite.com/e/high-holy-days-at-hollywood-temple-beth-el- tickets-695159499777?utm-campaign=social&utm-content=attendeeshare&utm-medium=discovery&utm-term=listing&utm-source=cp&aff=ebdsshcopyurl " target="_blank">https://www.eventbrite.com/e/high-holy-days-at-hollywood-temple-beth-el- </a></span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.eventbrite.com/e/high-holy-days-at-hollywood-temple-beth-el- tickets-695159499777?utm-campaign=social&utm-content=attendeeshare&utm-medium=discovery&utm-term=listing&utm-source=cp&aff=ebdsshcopyurl " target="_blank">tickets-695159499777?utm-campaign=social&utm-</a></span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.eventbrite.com/e/high-holy-days-at-hollywood-temple-beth-el- tickets-695159499777?utm-campaign=social&utm-content=attendeeshare&utm-medium=discovery&utm-term=listing&utm-source=cp&aff=ebdsshcopyurl " target="_blank">content=attendeeshare&utm-medium=discovery&utm-term=listing&utm-</a></span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><a href="https://www.eventbrite.com/e/high-holy-days-at-hollywood-temple-beth-el- tickets-695159499777?utm-campaign=social&utm-content=attendeeshare&utm-medium=discovery&utm-term=listing&utm-source=cp&aff=ebdsshcopyurl " target="_blank">source=cp&aff=ebdsshcopyurl </a></span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><br /></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;"><br /></span></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial; font-size: medium;">Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberg</span></h2><div></div><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"></h2><h2 style="line-height: 13.91px; margin: 0in 0in 8pt; text-align: left;"></h2><p></p><h2><span style="font-family: arial;"><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;">or by mail, c/o Hollywood Temple Beth El, 1317 N Crescent Heights Blvd,</span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;">Senior Rabbi</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">Hollywood Temple Beth El</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">1317 N. Crescent Heights Blvd,</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">West Hollywood, CA 90046</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">Direct Line: 323-428-9817 </span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">follow us on: </span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.rabbinorbert.com&source=gmail&ust=1694295173815000&usg=AOvVaw3EISwKm_jheDoQi52zts68" fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.rabbinorbert.com/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">www.rabbinorbert.com</a> </span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;">also <a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.courageofspirit.com&source=gmail&ust=1694295173815000&usg=AOvVaw1tIg5mvX4ZsqHpGfYltlR1" fg_scanned="1" href="http://www.courageofspirit.com/" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">www.courageofspirit.com</a></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><br /></span><span style="font-size: medium;"><a data-saferedirecturl="https://www.google.com/url?q=http://www.facebook.com/htbel&source=gmail&ust=1694295173815000&usg=AOvVaw3elmLN4kVhaZbLvvn5fjVO" href="http://www.facebook.com/htbel" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">www.facebook.com/htb</a>el</span><br /><span style="font-size: medium;"> <a href="mailto:rabbiweinberg@htbel.org" style="color: #1155cc;" target="_blank">rabbiweinberg@htbel.org</a></span></span></h2>Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-55173223989063686932023-09-03T16:42:00.002-07:002023-09-03T16:42:43.003-07:00Labor Day and the Sanctity of Physical Labor<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Labor Day and the Sanctity of
Physical Labor<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Labor Day, 2023Video of presentation:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://youtu.be/3R7vn7uka6M?si=vyilD7hfLkl2gwnm" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/3R7vn7uka6M?si=vyilD7hfLkl2gwnm</a><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I have 2 strikes going on
simultaneously right outside my window where I live.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I am just around the corner from fox
studios so every time I go out of the driveway of our residents, I see the
pickets picketing the studio. These are the actors and writers who keep us
entertained and challenged. I know that they are facing a very critical time
because modern technology is upending their kind of work just as the
introduction of film up ended the work done by live stage actors and
playwrights in the years before there was film. As I would expect <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>from people who are middle or upper middle
class, the strikers are very polite and quiet, just walking back and forth. I
really would expect a little more dramatic element added to the strike
especially from people who are so talented and creative.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">On the other side of our window, I
face a major hotel and very often in the morning at 6:00 AM, I hear loud drums
and the blare of loudspeakers shouting and waking up everybody for at least a
mile around. These are the service workers of the hotel industry, and I can say
while it is annoying, this kind of approach fits people who work physically
very hard for their daily bread. Frankly they are the creative and talented
people in this strike.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I don't want to disparage people who
write or sit at desks for their livelihoods, like me. However, I know that
during the pandemic it was the other people, who work with their hands and
their feet very hard, who made sure that food was served to children in school
even when the teachers had the luxury of leading class from the safety of home,
and who made sure the deliveries were made so that stores could have supplies
so people could buy food and necessities. I also know that such hard working
people bore the brunt of the infections and disease during the COVID pandemic
because they tended to live in cramped houses and had to suffer the effects of
being at work and bringing whatever they picked up at work home, through no
fault of their own.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We owe an awful lot
to people who worked physically to make our civilization flourish while the
rest of us sat home, had our café latte, and sat in on mind-numbing, often
unproductive zoom meetings which I either sat in or observed.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">So, in honor of people who put in a
hard day of honest labor, I want to touch on a few aspects of Jewish labor laws
and ideals.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">From Jewish Law, Menahem Elon,
Israel Supreme Court Justice, Rabbi, and professor on Jewish Law, Hebrew U,
Harvard Law, NYU Law.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“LABOR
LAW. In Scripture. Two fundamental principles relating<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">to
the laws of the hired servant are enjoined in the Pentateuch:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Firstly,
the master's duty to pay the wages of his servant on time.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">"The
wages of a laborer shall not remain with you until morning"; "You
must pay him his wages on the same day, before the sun sets" (Lev. 19: 13;
Deut. 24: I S); <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">and
secondly , the servant’s right to eat from the produce of the field he is working:
"When you enter your neighbor's vineyard, you may , if<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">you
desire, eat your fill of the grapes. . When you find yourself amid your
neighbor's standing grain, you may pluck ears With your hand" (Deut.
23:25, 26). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">So
too the liberal Pentateuchal laws concerning the Hebrew bondsman (sec Slavery)
served as an important source for the development of' labor law in later times.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Hired
Servant and Independent Contractor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The distinction between a hired servant and an
independent contractor is one of principle: whereas the former is hired for a
specific period, the latter is hired for a specific task (Maggid Mishneh
Sekhirut, 9:4;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">cf.
the Roman law distinction between locatio conductio operarum and locatio
conductio operis). The time factor in the hire of a servant has the effect of
tying him to his work for fixed hours during which he cannot choose not to
work, whereas the independent contractor may work as and when it pleases him (Resp.
Maharam of Rothenburg, ed. Prague, n. 477). Hence an element of slavery
attaches to a hired servant, while a contractor "is not a slave except
unto himself"' (Rashi, BM 77a).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Apropos of the on-goings outside my
window:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Jewish origin of the right to
strike:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A service contract is not susceptible to
specific performance, i.e., the party in breach cannot be compelled to carry
out his undertaking. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">…The
servant, on the other hand, cannot be compelled to work<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">against
his will, since the law is that a worker may withdraw<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">from
the employment even in the middle of the day (BM 10a;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">see
also below); even if his withdrawal should involve irretrievable<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">loss
to his master (see below); he will not be compelled to<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">work,
but the loss may be recovered out of his property (Hazon<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Ish,
BK no. 23:6). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This
is also the position with an independent contractor, who cannot be compelled to
carry out his undertaken task (Maharil to Piskei ha-Rosh, BM 77a). [hence
special contracts or agreements for performance]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Now, some thoughts on the dignity of
labor:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">It helps for us,
on Labor Day, to recall what Judaism, from the Bible, on has contributed to the
value of labor and to the dignity of the laborer. It is especially clear as we
are in the Book of Deuteronomy, where the Ten Commandments are restated, so that
Sabbath is associated with liberation from bondage and the rights of the
laborer, including the gentile, to rest, get an extra emphasis.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It is no wonder that the great Roman thinkers
were shocked by this idea, that one should spend one-seventh of one’s life in
idleness. “</span><span style="background: white; color: #444444;"> Tacitus--We
are told that the </span><a href="https://www.livius.org/articles/religion/sabbath/"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #0645ad; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">seventh day</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #444444;"> was set aside for rest because this marked the end of
their toils. In course of time the seductions of idleness made them devote
every seventh year to indolence as well. </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> “<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">They actually
denounced Jews for this sin. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">But is also telling
that the Romans themselves caught on to the idea of resting one day a week from
their neighboring Jews till today it has become a nearly universal minimum
right of labor.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">If we made rest
a sacred principle, it is because we made work a sacred principle.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">So, let’s look
at some sources:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">There is the
Hebrew phrase: Derekh Eretz. In Yiddish, “Hob derekh eretz” means to be
respectful. Literally, it is “The Way of the World.” Figuratively, as used in
rabbinic texts,, it is to be meaningfully engaged in the world especially
through physical labor. This is very significant, because already, 2000 years
ago, Jewish society was transitioning from a farm and labor society to a
mercantile and intellectual elite society.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>In the Biblical society, the landed gentry had to be reminded of their
obligations to the lower classes. Now, those who worked with their minds had to
be reminded of their obligations to those who worked with their hands.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">So, “ Derekh
Eretz”, according to the Midrash, is God’s great blessing to Adam when he is
expelled from the Garden of Eden. He complains, “ Shall I eat weeds of the
field like and animal!”. To which God answers,”Bzeyat apechah”- by the sweat of
your brow, you shall support yourself. The Rabbis explain that by labor Adam
will transform the weeds of the field into delicious challah and pastry. It is
the human capacity to work that enhances God’s creation.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">So what can we
say for the scholar who wishes to remain ensconced in the ivory tower of the
Yeshivah?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;">“Great is Talmud Torah</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">, Study of Torah,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;">
that is combined with Derekh Eretz, as the two together will lead to the</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;">abandonment of sin. All Talmud Torah that is not combined with work
will, in the end, be nullified and</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;">will lead to sin.”</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Being a great ( or not so great) scholar was
not an excuse from holding a job and being responsible for a family. What goes
on today in Charedi populations in Israel, that support themselves by political
extortion, female labor, and avoidance of military service is not backed by
this statement.( Pirkei Avot 2:2)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">We are also
taught, in Pirkei Avoth, to love labor and hate mastery over others (
Rabbanut). To this the Rabbis added,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;">“Love work” How? This teaches that a
person should love work, and not hate work. Just as the</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;">Torah was given through the covenant, so too, work was given through
the covenant, as it says</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;">“For six days you shall labor and do all of
your work, and the seventh day is a Sabbath to your</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;">God.”</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">( Avot Nathan on 1:10) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">In other words,
to work in productive labor six days is as much as divine command as to rest on
Shabbat.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">What about the
great leaders themselves?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;">Rabbi Yehuda used to go into the Beit
Midrash carrying a pitcher on his shoulders. He</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;">would
say, 'Great is work, as it gives honor to the one who does it.' Rabbi Shimon
would</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">
</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;">carry a basket on his shoulders, and would say,
'Great is work, as it gives honor to the onewho does it. '" (b. Nedarim
49b)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Labor is greater
than piety. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;">Rabbi Hiyya ben Ammi said in the name of
Ulla: Greater is the one who benefits from</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;">the
work of his hands than one who fears heaven. In regard to the one who fears
heaven,</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;">it is written “Happy is the man who fears
God (Psalms 112).” But in regard to the one</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;">who
benefits from his own work, it is written “When you eat from the work of your</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;">hands, you will be happy, and it will be well with you. (Psalms 128)”
“You will be</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;">happy” refers to this world; “It will be
well with you” refers to the world to come. In</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;">regard
to the one who fears heaven, the text does not say “it will be well with you.”
(b.</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">
</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ansi-language: X-NONE;">Brakhot 8a)</span><span lang="X-NONE" style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"> </span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">In other words,
your piety may make you feel good in this life, but it won’t open the door to
heaven. Only productive labor can do that.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">My kibbutz
Marxist trained room-mate in Israel left the kibbutz to further his academic
study, but he realized, as he moaned to me, that he was now “ in slavery” to
earning his daily bread.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;">Most of us are
past that, having earned our freedom, fully or partially, from the daily grind,
whether as employees, or servants of a worse master, ourselves, but we need to
pause and reflect on how much we depend on the labor of those struggling for
their daily bread.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="layout-grid-mode: char; line-height: 150%; mso-layout-grid-align: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-78553725584102853052023-08-28T00:07:00.001-07:002023-08-28T00:07:10.154-07:00August 26 Not Orthodox not Orthoprax Part 4 <p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">August 26<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Not Orthodox
not Orthoprax Part 4<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;">Link to video:</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://youtu.be/3LOUWRVyG-s?si=1BBGoRfojdK8wwsA" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/3LOUWRVyG-s?si=1BBGoRfojdK8wwsA</a><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">So,
let’s get to my example, which is the theory of work on Shabbat and its application
to the problem of electricity in general.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">There
is a discussion in the Mishna that explains our quandry of Shabbat:<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">הֶתֵּר נְדָרִים פּוֹרְחִין בָּאֲוִיר, וְאֵין
לָהֶם עַל מַה שֶּׁיִּסְמֹכוּ. הִלְכוֹת שַׁבָּת, חֲגִיגוֹת וְהַמְּעִילוֹת, הֲרֵי
הֵם כַּהֲרָרִים הַתְּלוּיִין בְּשַׂעֲרָה, שֶׁהֵן מִקְרָא מֻעָט וַהֲלָכוֹת
מְרֻבּוֹת. הַדִּינִין וְהָעֲבוֹדוֹת, הַטָּהֳרוֹת וְהַטֻּמְאוֹת וַעֲרָיוֹת, יֵשׁ
לָהֶן עַל מַה שֶּׁיִּסְמֹכוּ. הֵן הֵן גּוּפֵי תּוֹרָה</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span dir="LTR"></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>:Hagigah 1:8<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Absolution
of vows float in the air and have no basis, rules of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Shabbat, the Festive offerings, and misuse of
sacred property are like a mountain suspended on a hair, that is, little text,
yet many rules. Civil and criminal law, temple worship, ritual purity and
impurity, and sexual relations have a basis in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>the Torah, and they are the core of the Torah text.</span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Norbert%20Weinberg" datetime="2023-08-16T19:49"><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">So, for
Shabbat, we are dealing with a mountain hanging from a thread. Much is said
about Shabbat, from day 7 of creation, and on, but little is explained.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">We have the
prohibition of gathering Manna and leaving one’s home on Shabbat and baking
before, the generic rule to “ rest” in the 10 commandments, a verse about “ Lo
tevaaru” you shall not a) have a fire or b) light a fire. We have the words <span style="font-weight: normal !msorm;"><b>“ melakhah</b></span>” labor, for
holidays, and <span style="font-weight: normal !msorm;"><b>“kol melakhah</b></span>”,
all labor for </span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Shabbat. We<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> have the story of a
man who gathers kindling wood on Shabbat, but we are not told if he is just
picking up sticks or chopping them off. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There
are references to not engaging in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>business( Isaiah) and not moving objects( Jeremiah).There is a record of
the custom of riding to Elisha the Prophet on the Shabbat<span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span> </span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>(
II Kings 4), which would be against later Jewish practice.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Our sages
are understandably perturbed. What does it mean to rest? </span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> does work </span></span>mean?
What<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> does fire mean?</span></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Norbert%20Weinberg" datetime="2023-08-16T19:49">
Why is a different word used for wor</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Norbert%20Weinberg" datetime="2023-08-16T19:50">k on Shabbat than
on a Festival?</ins></span><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> </span></span>All<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> of these have to be defined. </span></span>We<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> hate generalizations. </span></span>We<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> want concrete understanding of our actions.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Therefore,<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> the sages looked for hints in the Torah and
took them from the actions in the building of the Tabernacle in the wilderness
because every time instructions for the Tabernacle were given a reminder of
keeping the Shabbat was also given.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Out of this they
found the justifications</span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">,<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">
not necessarily</span></span> the<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> foundations</span></span>,<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> but the justifications for the observances
that had developed in these years.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Mishna Shabbat 7:2<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Norbert%20Weinberg" datetime="2023-08-16T19:37">א</ins></span></span></span></span><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">בוֹת מְלָאכוֹת אַרְבָּעִים חָסֵר אֶחָת<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Norbert%20Weinberg" datetime="2023-08-16T19:37">
</ins></span></span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:Norbert%20Weinberg" datetime="2023-08-16T19:37"><o:p></o:p></del></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Norbert%20Weinberg" datetime="2023-08-16T19:50"><o:p> </o:p></ins></span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">There
are 40 minus one primary categories of labor. They can </span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">be<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>grouped in categories of essential economic
activity.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Norbert%20Weinberg" datetime="2023-08-16T19:37"><o:p> </o:p></ins></span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-align: right; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">אֲבוֹת
מְלָאכוֹת אַרְבָּעִים חָסֵר אֶחָת. הַזּוֹרֵעַ. וְהַחוֹרֵשׁ. וְהַקּוֹצֵר.
וְהַמְעַמֵּר. הַדָּשׁ. וְהַזּוֹרֶה. הַבּוֹרֵר. הַטּוֹחֵן. וְהַמְרַקֵּד.
וְהַלָּשׁ. וְהָאוֹפֶה. הַגּוֹזֵז אֶת הַצֶּמֶר. הַמְלַבְּנוֹ. וְהַמְנַפְּצוֹ.
וְהַצּוֹבְעוֹ. וְהַטּוֹוֶה. וְהַמֵּסֵךְ. וְהָעוֹשֶׂה שְׁנֵי בָתֵּי נִירִין.
וְהָאוֹרֵג שְׁנֵי חוּטִין. וְהַפּוֹצֵעַ שְׁנֵי חוּטִין. הַקּוֹשֵׁר.
וְהַמַּתִּיר. וְהַתּוֹפֵר שְׁתֵּי תְפִירוֹת. הַקּוֹרֵעַ עַל מְנָת לִתְפֹּר
שְׁתֵּי תְפִירוֹת. הַצָּד צְבִי. הַשּׁוֹחֲטוֹ. וְהַמַּפְשִׁיטוֹ. הַמּוֹלְחוֹ,
וְהַמְעַבֵּד אֶת עוֹרוֹ. וְהַמּוֹחֲקוֹ. וְהַמְחַתְּכוֹ. הַכּוֹתֵב שְׁתֵּי
אוֹתִיּוֹת. וְהַמּוֹחֵק עַל מְנָת לִכְתֹּב שְׁתֵּי אוֹתִיּוֹת. הַבּוֹנֶה. וְהַסּוֹתֵר.
הַמְכַבֶּה. וְהַמַּבְעִיר. הַמַּכֶּה בַפַּטִּישׁ. הַמּוֹצִיא מֵרְשׁוּת
לִרְשׁוּת. הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ אֲבוֹת מְלָאכוֹת אַרְבָּעִים חָסֵר אֶחָת:</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12pt; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150% !msorm; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1937; text-autospace: none !msorm;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">(Agriculture<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">From farming
to the final loaf of bread.)<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">One who sows, and one who plows, and one who
reaps, and one who gathers</span></span></b></span><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> sheaves
into a pile, <b>and one who threshes,</b> removing the kernel from the husk, <b>and
one who winnows</b> threshed grain in the wind, and <b>one who selects</b> the
inedible waste from the edible, and <b>one who grinds, and one who sifts</b>
the flour in a sieve, <b>and one who kneads</b> dough, <b>and one who bakes.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">(Clothing:From the shearing to the final
garment)<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Norbert%20Weinberg" datetime="2023-08-16T19:37"><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">One who shears wool,</span></span></b></span><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">
and <b>one who whitens it, and one who combs</b> the fleece and straightens <b>it,
and one who dyes it, and one who spins</b> the wool, <b>and one who stretches</b>
the threads of the warp in the loom, <b>and one who constructs two meshes,</b>
tying the threads of the warp to the base of the loom, <b>and one who weaves
two threads, and one who severs two threads</b> for constructive purposes, and <b>one
who ties</b> a knot, <b>and one who unties</b> a knot, <b>and one who sews two
stitches</b> with a needle, as well as <b>one who tears</b> a fabric <b>in
order to sew two stitches.</b> <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">(Writing:From the hunt to the act of writing)<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Norbert%20Weinberg" datetime="2023-08-16T19:37"><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">One who traps a deer,</span></span></b></span><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">
or any living creature, and <b>one who slaughters it, and one who flays it,</b>
and <b>one who salts its</b> hide, a step in the tanning process, <b>and one
who tans its hide, and one who smooths it,</b> removing hairs and veins, <b>and
one who cuts it</b> into measured parts. <b>One who writes two letters and one
who erases in order to write two letters.<o:p></o:p></b></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">(Manufacture from the structure to the final
product.) <span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Norbert%20Weinberg" datetime="2023-08-16T19:37"><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>One
who builds</span></span></b></span><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> a structure, <b>and one who dismantles</b>
it, <b>one who extinguishes</b> a fire, <b>and one who kindles</b> a fire. <b>One
who strikes</b> a blow <b>with a hammer</b> to complete the production <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">(Transportation,
a key element of commerce)<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Norbert%20Weinberg" datetime="2023-08-16T19:37"><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and <b>one who carries out</b> an object <b>from
domain to domain.</b> All <b>these are primary categories of labor,</b> and
they number <b>forty-less-one.</b> <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">What do they
have in common—these are activities that make a permanent change in the world
around us. Permanent, not temporary. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Roman",serif !msorm" style="mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Mishnah </span></span></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Italic",serif !msorm" style="mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Italic !msorm;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Shabbat </span></span></i></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Roman",serif !msorm" style="mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">12:1
declares,</span></span></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Roman",serif !msorm" style="mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Norbert%20Weinberg" datetime="2023-08-16T19:38"><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Roman",serif !msorm" style="mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">זה</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> </span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">הכלל</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> </span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">כל</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> </span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">העושה</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">מלאכה</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> </span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">ומלאכתו</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> </span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">מתקיימת</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> </span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">בשבת</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> </span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">חייב</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> </span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Roman",serif !msorm" style="mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">“this is the rule:
anyone who performs work and his work is stable (or endures) on the Sabbath</span></span></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Roman",serif !msorm" style="font-size: 7.0pt !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">49 </span></span></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Roman",serif !msorm" style="mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">is
culpable.”</span></span></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Roman",serif !msorm" style="mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Norbert%20Weinberg" datetime="2023-08-16T19:38"><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Roman",serif !msorm" style="mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Roman",serif !msorm" style="mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">The underlying
principal is that, as God rested f</span></span></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Roman",serif !msorm" style="mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Norbert%20Weinberg" datetime="2023-08-16T19:38">ro</ins></span></span></span></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Roman",serif !msorm" style="mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:Norbert%20Weinberg" datetime="2023-08-16T19:38">or</del></span></span></span></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Roman",serif !msorm" style="mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">m
creation, so , we too, rest from acts that create new, as opposed to using well
that which has already been created. We are acting as a “</span></span></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Roman",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: normal !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">tselem
Elohim</span></span></b></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Roman",serif !msorm" style="mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">”, a likeness of God.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-pagination: widow-orphan;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Thus, in the
times of Rabbi Israel of Salant, when Jews ran the harbor , and ships came in
on Shabbat, he authorized the use of a peg-board to track the cargo. The harbor
could operate, Jews could remain in their positions, and a solution, <span class="msoDel"><del cite="mailto:Norbert%20Weinberg" datetime="2023-08-16T19:39">on
the basis of</del></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Norbert%20Weinberg" datetime="2023-08-16T19:39">based on</ins></span> a temporary, not permanent
marking, was made. In Israel, doctors on Shabbat, <span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Norbert%20Weinberg" datetime="2023-08-16T19:45">visting
non-critical</ins></span><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Norbert%20Weinberg" datetime="2023-08-16T19:46"> patients, </ins></span>would write their notes
with disappearing ink, and then have them transcribed after Shabbat, before the
notes would disappear.</span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> This itself was not new,
but a direct application of the rule in the Mishnah, that writing with a
disappearing ink , known in their day, was itself not a violation.<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">To these
major categories and subcategories we add several important innovations.</span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>For example the concept of <span style="font-weight: normal !msorm;"><b>Shvut</b></span>, work that is not
directly prohibited but reinforces the idea of rest on Shabbat. </span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Giving direct instructions to a
gentile is an example of Shvut.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Another
concept that we find in rabbinic sources is the idea of <span style="font-weight: normal !msorm;"><b>muktzeh</b></span>, which we might translate as untouchable.
It's a fascinating concept as we push aside things that we would normally use
during the week but don't touch them because we might by mistake use them.
Simple example would be a hammer. I don't take out the hammer from the closet
since I can't use it on Shabbat and I don't want to forget and pound the nail
in my wall by mistake. Then there is concept of <span style="font-weight: normal !msorm;"><b>Muktze
mahmat hisron kis</b></span>: it is forbidden to to use it or to do it because
it may cause a loss of property. For example during the week if I have some
China that I don't like and I just want to smash it and throw it away that's
fine. But on Shabbat I cannot allow myself to engage in wanton destruction of
my property</span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">,<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> lovely concept. Then
there is <span style="font-weight: normal !msorm;"><b>Mukseh mahmat mius</b></span>-it
is forbidden to touch because it's disgusting and on Shabbat we don't want to
deal with disgusting things. Therefore if we have a pile of dirt on the table,
rather than just grabbing the dirt and throwing it away, we would pick up the
dirt in a cloth and then put it aside and not deal with the dirt . </span></span>Again
a <span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">lovely idea.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Then we also
have workarounds, so that if something has to be done we can get it done
indirectly. So although to tell a gentile to do something is in the category of
resting, because our servants are to rest with us, if I have contracted in
advance for certain activities, that gentile is acting as a free agent </span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">and is <span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>just doing what's in his contract without me
tellin</span></span>g him. In tandem<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> was common custom
with the <span style="font-weight: normal !msorm;"><b>“Shabbes goy” or “Goy shel
Shabbat”, </b></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>I would hint to
him, as was the case </span></span>reportedly for <span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Elvis
Presley who would play Jewish records on Shabbat at the neighboring Jewish </span></span>h<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">ome and they would enjoy it. That's how he learned
his cantorial thrills in his singing. In Israel today, in religious
neighborhoods, you will see cars with the sign “Goy shel Shabbat”, who would be
and Arab Muslim or Christian from the neighboring community who would be there
on pay by the community to be available for household emergencies like a broken
toilet. This actually served as one of the areas of mutual benefit between
these communities in all ages.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Jews owned businesses <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>which sometimes had to continue to operate on
Shabbat. The workaround was to create a partnership with a non-Jew who would be
responsible for business on Shabbat.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Another approach, when it
could not be avoided, was to do something <b>“b’shinui</b>”, in an unusual
manner, different than on a weekday, such as push a button with the elbow
instead of the hand.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Yet another work-around
was the concept of Eruv- binding together. Thus, when the Rabbis rejected the
Sadducees concept of staying inside the household on Shabbat—because the
command said” You shall not go out of you habitations”—they expanded
“habitation” to mean one’s community and a reasonable distance out—the” tchum”-
18 minutes walk.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">But they also interpreted
the verse to mean that one could not carry objects out of one’s household.
Which immediately raised the problem, of what happens when we want to share
Shabbat food with our neighbors. Out of this grew the concept of “ Eruv” – a
binding, by a wire or thread, not just a common wall ,of the private domain of
one household with the private domain of another household. It is a beautiful
example of the idea of a shared community for the Shabbat== to the extent that
this side of LA has an Eruv going from the Western Ave till the 405 and the 10
up to the 101. There are similar boundaries set up in other parts of Los
Angeles.<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">N<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">ow
finally for our question of fire.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">The Torah
text tells us :<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">לֹא־תְבַעֲר֣וּ</span></span></span><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">אֵ֔שׁ</span></span></span><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">בְּכֹ֖ל</span></span></span><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">מֹשְׁבֹֽתֵיכֶ֑ם</span></span></span><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">בְּי֖וֹם</span></span></span><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> </span></span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">הַשַּׁבָּֽת׃</span></span></span><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> (</span></span></span><span style="mso-ascii-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">פ</span></span></span><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">)</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span dir="LTR"></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> Ex
35:3</span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">You
shall not light a fire in all your homes on the Shabbat—is it “ not light” or </span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">not
allow it to burn at all</span></span>”<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">?<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Thus
the Saduccees, the party of the High Priests, and the landed nobility, said there
shall be no fire burning, This was later continued by the Karaites, as neither
party accepted the traditions or the methods of the Pharisees, the Rabbis. Food
could be kept warm by burying in warm sand that had warm coals in it</span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> ( Chamin-the origin of
Cholent)<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">, but</span></span>
not<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> flames, and dark is
dark.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">The
Rabbi revolutionized the </span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">text and<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> insisted that it was
the act of creating a new fir</span></span>e <span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">that was problematic,
and even then, it would apply only to Shabbat, but not to the festivals, as a
fire could be lit from an existing flame and a new fire could be started by
transfer to the next candle.</span></span> They created a principal of “ t<b>zorech
ochel nefesh</b>”- that which needs to be done in order to be able to eat.
Since food could not stay fresh cooked more than a day, before refrigeration,
and the Yom Tov could run, together with Shabbat, as much as 3 days running,
cooking was permitted on the Festival, and if cooking was permitted, then
having a fire was essential. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Not
only that, but the lighting of the fire would now be the special privilege of
the woman of the household, conducted with a special blessing” who has
commanded us to light the lamp of Shabbat”. The house could be bright during
the dark night, and the food could be warm and tasty, giving us “Cholent” and
Chicken soup! </span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">( Cholent- from an old French term, chalant, to warm, or
“chaud” and “lent”, warm slowly). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Also,
for those who remember the old days, before cancer warnings on the cigarette
pack, on Shabbes, no one smoked, but on Yontof, everyone lit up</span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">, because <b>“hutera
letzorech, hutera shnami lo letzorech.</b> Once you allow it for use for a
special need, you have essentially allowed it also when there is no urgent
need! You have let the cat out of the bag on Festivals.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Now,
we come to our question about electricity</span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">.<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">The
first question, since electricity,</span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> especially <span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>in a
light bulb looks bright like fire, is hot like fire and the wires can cause
sparks, like fire, is it fire?<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">The
first reactions, when electricity became widely used, was to label it as fire.
Natura</span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">l<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">l</span></span>y<span face=""Times New Roman",serif !msorm"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">, </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">"If it looks like
a </span></span></span><span face=""Lucida Sans",sans-serif !msorm" style="font-size: 11.0pt !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: "Lucida Sans" !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck" title="Duck"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif !msorm" style="font-size: 10.5pt !msorm;"><span style="background: white; color: #3366cc;">duck</span></span></a></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 10.5pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">, swims like a duck,
and quacks like a duck, then it probably is a duck."<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Or not.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Many halakhic
authorities decided that it is, especially the old filament bulb, as it not </span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">only<span style="font-size: 10.5pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial !msorm;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">
glows, but </span></span>gives<span style="font-size: 10.5pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial !msorm;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> off tremendous heat. </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Nevertheless, as
famous an authority as Rabbi Shlomo Goren , the one who is always shown blowing
the Shofar at the Kotel, later Chief Rabbi of Ts</span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">a<span style="font-size: 10.5pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial !msorm;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">hal</span></span>,
the Israeli military,<span style="font-size: 10.5pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial !msorm;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> and then of </span></span>the
State of <span style="font-size: 10.5pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial !msorm;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Israel, wrote an
extensive teshuvah stating that electricity emphatically does not meet the
conditions of fire .</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span style="font-size: 10.5pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">( </span></span></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Roman",serif !msorm" style="font-size: 6.0pt !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">126 </span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><b><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">סיני</span></span></b></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><b><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">:
</span></span></b></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><b><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">ירחון</span></span></b></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><b><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">
</span></span></b></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><b><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">לתורה</span></span></b></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><b><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">,
</span></span></b></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><b><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">למדע</span></span></b></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><b><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">
</span></span></b></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPS-BoldMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><b><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">ולספרות</span></span></b></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">,
</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">כרך</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">
</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">כד</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">,
</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">חוברת</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">
</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">א</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">
-</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">ו</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">.
"</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">הדלקת</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">
</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">החשמל</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">
</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">בשבת</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">,"
</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">ע</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">'
</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">קמח</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">-</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">קנב</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">
</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">וע</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">'
</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">שכו</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">-</span></span></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">שכט</span></span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span> .).</span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">By the way, when he was chosen as the chief rabbi of Israel, it was under
the understanding that he, with his halakhic brilliance, would renovate the
rabbinate and find solutions to problems in Israeli society, between the
orthodox and the non orthodox. He was derailed in his efforts by antagonism
from the haredim . <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Many
Halakhic authorities recognized that “fire” was not the defining category for
the prohibition of electricity, but were concerned about the slippery slope of
usage.</span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face="TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm" style="font-size: 10.0pt !msorm; mso-ascii-font-family: TimesNewRomanPSMT !msorm; mso-hansi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Roman !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-BoldItalic",serif !msorm" style="mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-BoldItalic !msorm;"><b><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Molid</span></span></i></b></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-BoldItalic",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-BoldItalic !msorm;"><i><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span style="font-style: italic !msorm;">, </span></span></span></i></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">“Making New- the
electric current in itself is creating something new.</span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Boneh</span></span></b></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">, “Building- when we
close an electric circuit, we are creating a structure.</span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Makeh be Patish</span></span></b></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">- the final hammer
blow, that completes construction</span></span></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">
or </span></span></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Metaken</span></span></b></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">—prepare for use.</span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">These<span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> positions have been </span></span>argued
against<span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> by many authorities,
as the physical world of hard objects </span></span>cannot<span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> be connected to the world of physics, in
which electricity constantly flows</span></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> and circuits constantly open and close.</span></span></span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">The one category of
electricity which would be close to the rabbinic prohibitions, would be the use
of intentional heat, such as an electric stove or microwave to actually cook. </span></span></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Bishul</span></span></b></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">.</span></span></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Much</span></span></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> of the worries about
similarity to fire </span></span></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">dissipate</span></span></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> with the use of LED
and solid state</span></span></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">
electronics, which do not give off enough heat to scald the </span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">hand. That<span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> is increasingly
accepted</span></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> ,and, it turns out that North African
Rabbis permitted the use of electric lights at the beginning of the</span></span></span></span></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> </span></span></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">last century</span></span></span><span face=""PalatinoLinotype-Bold",serif !msorm" style="font-weight: bold !msorm; mso-bidi-font-family: PalatinoLinotype-Bold !msorm;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">.</span></span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">There have been work-abouts, using electricity in limited capacity, such as
electric vehicles for the disabled on Shabbat, that remain on at very low
voltage during Shabbat, and the control merely increases and decreases the
voltage. That is something that would be absolutely impossible if the
electricity were considered fire, as increasing or decreasing the fire is a
problem on Shabbat but not Yom Tov. My father-in-law used one like this to get
to synagogue on Shabbat after<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>his
stroke, in a very Orthodox neighborhood.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Finally we have our question of the use of electronic equipment in order to
allow others to follow our services long distance. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This was essential during the pandemic but now that it is over, we can ask
if these are still acceptable.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Naturally, within the Conservative movement ,there is great debate, and
while much of the specific decisions of the law committee frown upon much of
this, in fact, most of the major Conservative congregations in the United States
are recording services and are streaming them. We recognize this causes
potential problems. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">For example it is not so much the problem of the camera watching us, but of
the system creating a permanent record of what we are doing. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">As we said something permanent is what we don't want to do in Shabbat. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">However based on our earlier sources , the electronic recording, based on
what is described in rabbinic literature, is in and of itself ,not writing. No
true letters are created in this process, only a series of on and off of
electrons, the bit and the byte. While there is a recording, that recording
itself is not of a permanent nature. That YouTube and Facebook may want to keep
it permanent by keeping it on their clouds is their action and not my action.
There's a general policy in rabbinic law that if I do not intend to do
something but it is being done by me indirectly that itself is not a problem as
much as doing it intentionally directly. <span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span>It might be comparable to the opening
of a refrigerator, where the opening and closing changes the temperature and
causes the compressor to turn on as a result.Nevertheless, the majority do open
and close the refrigerator ( after having removed the bulb for Shabbat, as that
is operated directly by the door).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In fact, as I was putting this together, I remembered that video recordings
began in Conservative congregations back in the 1980’s—as electronic data
replaced film. Film is a chemical process that permanently changes the nature,
a physical change. Electronic recording, the repositioning of electrons, was
seen as a possible option. So I introduced it in my congregation and so did
many synagogues- that was 40 years ago.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span dir="RTL" face=""Arial",sans-serif" lang="HE" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In an ideal situation we could do what the bigger congregations do, which
is have the recording equipment positioned in such a way that no one sees it
and that no one sees who's working it. We are a very small congregation and we
have the dilemma of either being invisible to others or taking the burden of
responsibility on ourselves and saying, like with driving, that it is better
that our Jews be watching our services than out shopping and pursuing business.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In fact, it<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>can be clearly stated,
that the use of electronic equipment is far , far less problematic than the use
of an automobile. As I showed, most Halakhic authorities to day recognize that
electricity in and of itself is not fire, and the prohibitions in Orthodox
circles then are based on less serious categories. However, the automobile is
powered, up till recent years,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>by an
internal combustion engine. In 1950, the Law Committee took a radical step, of
giving a “ hekhsher “ to driving, on the basis, among other things, that the
fire inside the engine was not the desired outcome, but an incidental by
product, of the need to get from a to z. It was the kind of radical thinking
that was once characteristic of early Rabbinic creativity. Rather than “ wink
wink” at the Jews, who , in the 1950’s , no longer lived near the synagogue, it
was better to have them come with permission than without. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">PS The committee is now discussing the use of electric vehicles, as a
preferred solution, something which<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Orthodox
Rabbis in Israel have permitted for my father in law after his stroke. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">When someone will donate to us so that we can build proper equipment that
would be hidden inside the walls and hire professional staff to do our video
equipment for us, then we will be very happy to do so. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">As point of fact, this issue is a Tempest in a teapot compared to critical
issues that are arising with greater frequency such as the whole question of
human sexuality, the status of artificial intelligence and human beings, issues
of life and death, and more.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Now we do what we can do to present Judaism to as broad an audience as we
can, Just as our friends at Chabad “wink wink” to the people who attend their
services by car to get to the synagogue without saying how they get there , and
as Rabbi ibn Ezra would say “Hameyvin Yavin”, If you understand, you what I am
getting to.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-pagination: widow-orphan; text-autospace: ideograph-numeric ideograph-other;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-27195074964423541352023-08-21T13:03:00.002-07:002023-08-21T13:03:16.662-07:00Not Orthoprax, not Orthodox part 3<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> N</o:p></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">ot Orthoprax,
not Orthodox part 3</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Link to video discussion</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"><a href="https://youtu.be/vgBTmFGoOTQ" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/vgBTmFGoOTQ</a><br /></span></p>
<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOSsl-RKZTJD20huVAkdWVqB49pbLDFeq99HveSvvmWaxUddxg2QHSjrXMThiFDQvIoiMenWyCIhsH8a2u80C9fUHDouTiA_JGHq0kTNr8Ubt4UFeMGaqXwMQPVKYwkAbmeBer5VfBBPZax_iM9MXF0o0IV8vkFihg7HxzTXFR9abkY-i6SNK237k5MSUt/s490/Page%20from%20Bavli%20Rom%20edition.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="490" data-original-width="327" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOSsl-RKZTJD20huVAkdWVqB49pbLDFeq99HveSvvmWaxUddxg2QHSjrXMThiFDQvIoiMenWyCIhsH8a2u80C9fUHDouTiA_JGHq0kTNr8Ubt4UFeMGaqXwMQPVKYwkAbmeBer5VfBBPZax_iM9MXF0o0IV8vkFihg7HxzTXFR9abkY-i6SNK237k5MSUt/w268-h400/Page%20from%20Bavli%20Rom%20edition.jpg" width="268" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; text-align: left;">The Talmud Bavli, the widow Rom edition, which had everything plus the kitchen sink included, almost the entire library of Jewish literature of commentary on the Talmud, much of it in microprint!</span></div></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJJ8LyVbUbrOiKeB7OjM01XRzfv7Z4FeG4CRLSAYp4qXg0kr4BZkLnGPG6WSayj_5OPRRWEJJnAVl0m1jjIHPsuRMGr8wuMiSt6GGthtQ9iRujjHo9KhJmlcbMynqWOcE-D-nqf6QPgJ4PZ5ML8zy6pAVPiNxuqXDS0SZLpWMTMiPh9tCO_AApBLB7M4Lz/s359/Yerushalmi%20with%20commentary.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="248" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJJ8LyVbUbrOiKeB7OjM01XRzfv7Z4FeG4CRLSAYp4qXg0kr4BZkLnGPG6WSayj_5OPRRWEJJnAVl0m1jjIHPsuRMGr8wuMiSt6GGthtQ9iRujjHo9KhJmlcbMynqWOcE-D-nqf6QPgJ4PZ5ML8zy6pAVPiNxuqXDS0SZLpWMTMiPh9tCO_AApBLB7M4Lz/w276-h400/Yerushalmi%20with%20commentary.gif" width="276" /></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">A page of </span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Yerushalmi</span><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">, much smaller work,
with fewer commentaries.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Our work of
developing Judaism now takes off from the Mishnah, year 200, on to the editing
of the two Talmuds, circa the year 400 for the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yerushalmi, because the Christian rulers clamped
down heavily on the academies under their thumb, and the Bavli, around a
century to a century and a half later, because the Persian authorities were far
more tolerant.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Neither, of
course, have finished answers, and very often, the discussions end in the
words” <b>Teyku</b>”- Let its stand, or, figuratively, as an abbreviation for <b>Tishbi
yavo veyetaretz sheelot v kushiyot”</b>-wait till Elijah comes and gives us the
answers!!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">What
are our beliefs? The Talmudic discussions are mostly around practice, but we
have compendium of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rabbinic sermons,
creating legends, tales, popular sermons, built around the Parshat Hashavuah or
other books of the Bible.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; font-weight: normal !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Midrash
Aggadah</span></span></b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">-
as opposed </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; font-weight: normal !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">to Midrash Halakhah</span></span></b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">. The Talmud Bavli has
room to accommodate these, whereas, for the Yerushalmi, they were left as part
of the separate compendiums.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">We have the
recognized authorities after the Tannaim and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>the Amoraim- Now, the<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; font-weight: normal !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Gaon</span></span></b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">- the glory,</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">( sometimes used to refer to a genius, like the Vilna Gaon) <span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>title
now given to the head of the academies, as contrasted with </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; font-weight: normal !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Resh Galuta</span></b></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">- Exilarch, head of
the exile. As always, there are conflicts between the theoretical authority,
the Gaon, and the political authority, the Resh Galuta. Frankly, that tension,
between the theoretical, and the political will continue. </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">New issues
arise.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">What
is our prayer, for example. The ground rules are in the Mishna, fleshed out in
the </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; font-weight: normal !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">gemara</span></span></b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">( the teachings). </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">But we need a<span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> formal text of the
siddur, </span></span>such as <span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">of
Rav Amram Gaon</span></span>, around the end of the ninth century for the
Sephardim, or Mahzor Vitry, of the students following Rashi, for the
Ashkenazim.</span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-language: HE; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">New
questions arise- there are different conditions and issues under Christian ,
contrasted with Zoroastrian or Moslem rulers. The questions give rise to
answers- </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; font-weight: normal !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Sh’elot u<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tshuvot</span></span></b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">.</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Norbert%20Weinberg" datetime="2023-08-16T19:47">Responsa.</ins></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> These are authored by
the heads of the academies , in the land of Israel, Bavel, or, later, North
Africa.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">We
have formalized philosophy, in line with Greek thought, Saadiah</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> </span></span></b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Gaon, Rambam. There is
also mystical speculation, breaking away from the plain text, filled with
flights of the imagination</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; font-weight: normal !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">, </span></span></b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; font-weight: normal !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Heykhalot</span></span></b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> texts, </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; font-weight: normal !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Bahir,
</span></span></b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; font-weight: normal !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Zohar</span></span></b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">, and others</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">, probably influenced by contact with the Orient.<span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">We
need to once again comprehend our Torah, especially as we advance, in the early
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Middle Ages<span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">,
deeper in to Christian France and Germany and Moslem Spain. Torah commentaries-
Rashi, ibn Ezra, Ramban and then, commentaries that explain the nuances of the
Talmud, Rabbenu </span></span>Hananel<span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">
of Kairouan, Rashi, the Tosafot.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">The
Jewish world now extends from Gibraltar all the way to China- we have so much
texts and literature- we now need new compendia, to organize our practice. For
example, Rabbi Yitzhak <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Alfasi ( of Fez) </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>or<span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">
Rabbenu Asher, who follow the order of the Talmud to provide summaries. </span></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Then,
there is the first great<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>systematization</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> in the 12fth century,<span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">
The </span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; font-weight: normal !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Mishnah</span></b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; font-weight: normal !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> Torah</span></b></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> ( intentionally
copying the Mishna!) in 14 themes, by Maimonides, the Rambam, which became
accepted only by the Yemenite Jews. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir2hmAyFGph5PbIZ4I2XexOSKHOlbD43GuOIlGQiNM2_Xi51mtsSrxYpR6vxTX59ht3RoDH4vs-IF6MW1Qs2S9Mwp-YIgAyt34TdQ4QMUBgerSqdfkoBosKl7Fa9xdsqLyj-Du_7Bo-rx77_geES4mQkUhk1xvLLF7313PjfyrP773Q9FkuoJIrNHnqIl4/s1616/Mishneh%20Torah%20with%20signature.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1616" data-original-width="1151" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEir2hmAyFGph5PbIZ4I2XexOSKHOlbD43GuOIlGQiNM2_Xi51mtsSrxYpR6vxTX59ht3RoDH4vs-IF6MW1Qs2S9Mwp-YIgAyt34TdQ4QMUBgerSqdfkoBosKl7Fa9xdsqLyj-Du_7Bo-rx77_geES4mQkUhk1xvLLF7313PjfyrP773Q9FkuoJIrNHnqIl4/w285-h400/Mishneh%20Torah%20with%20signature.jpg" width="285" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Then,
Rabbi Yakov ben Asher organizes a more concise format, in 4 columns( Tur</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; font-weight: normal !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">)
Arba</span></span></b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; font-weight: normal !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> </span></span></b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; font-weight: normal !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tur</span></span></b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; font-weight: normal !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">im</span></span></b></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> around the 14<sup>th</sup> century.<span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">It
improves upon the Rambam, as it gives the sources, which Rambam left out.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZMZM3WP9YkiuR5guZ-Py6w6lDeLkjHA5GNcBh-31WcxPyjlKL88BHaKF6csOdq_R62tOXOEyKCfqRwuFi0TqkyBhSjJIMNBH7-Jkzo1LU0NWaExt9_b19Um6LytjwGu-Xts8ZG7cbscv3en7iJScmjYxwRy5ugYWEcg9nojmla13VePRDjQFBECr8OLvN/s600/Arbaa%20Turim.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="442" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhZMZM3WP9YkiuR5guZ-Py6w6lDeLkjHA5GNcBh-31WcxPyjlKL88BHaKF6csOdq_R62tOXOEyKCfqRwuFi0TqkyBhSjJIMNBH7-Jkzo1LU0NWaExt9_b19Um6LytjwGu-Xts8ZG7cbscv3en7iJScmjYxwRy5ugYWEcg9nojmla13VePRDjQFBECr8OLvN/w295-h400/Arbaa%20Turim.jpg" width="295" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Then,
just in time for the start of the printing press, the great commentator on the
Tur</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">(
his truly greatest work), the Sefardic Rabbi Yosef Karo</span></span>, in the
16<sup>th</sup> century,<span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> compiles a simple
summary, as an abridgement for students and elderly, who did not have the
stamina to follow his real scholarship. It is the hallmark of judicial
simplicity- take the three great codifiers- Rambam, Rabbenu Asher, and the Tur,
settle on best 2 out of 3, as the official decision, and if there is a conflict
of all 3, find a 4 th source to resolve.</span></span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">It
is the highlight of clarity and simplicity—and he does it just as printing
takes off. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">It is a
document also based on the Sephardic principal, which is finding clear lines
and base points in halakhah. Till the last century, if you wanted a clear,
common-sense approach to Jewish law, you went to the Hacham, to the Sephardic
Rabbi.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">If you wanted
complication, you went to an Ashkenazic <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rabbi. The Ashkenazim elevated the idea of
Minhag, custom, to the status of a law, Minhag kedin” The custom is law, and
even “ a minhag brecht a din”, a custom could outweigh the actual law!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Add to that,
the tendency of Ashkenzic sages to apply “ pilpul”, hair splitting logic to
everything, and you have a very complicated Jewish practice.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Just at the same time </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">of Rabbi Karo in Safed, <span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">in
Poland, Rabbi Moshe Isserles ( Ramu) is working on an equally great summation,
when he gets wind of Rabbi Karo’s project</span></span>. He <span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>waits
for the final copy, and then adds his own set of emendations, based on
Ashkenazic practice.</span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Norbert%20Weinberg" datetime="2023-08-16T19:48"><o:p></o:p></ins></span></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Hence,
we get the <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; font-weight: normal !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Shulkhan
Arukh</span></span></b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(The Table is Set) and </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; font-weight: normal !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">the
Mapah</span></span></b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> (the
table cloth, because we have two parallel sets of practice- Sefardi and
Ashenazi. It hits the printing presses in Venice and soon, every community has
a copy—and it is roundly rejected by great Rabbis of his day because they
understood that it eliminated the process of analysis of sources that was the
core of Judaism. That which the Rabbis rejected became the basis, very shortly,
of Orthodox Jewish practice.</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdem-f7fycvtZvdmPuxsx_TBbJvDgJBYUXYRaNt_ClXGbkW3SQDHG4mmfSobWFW86jyKzestDk-EHiEeJxfh5KXLQOQopYLZGM0lMbKEiat0gV6ZCyWXqXEXZ45LgaHt8Y6J6A6JTS4KUvp5LIuzc249fEi7YG6CDt1H5-M-2kFSumfS_lN1fT-4NBe9wC/s450/Shulchan%20Aruch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="370" data-original-width="450" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdem-f7fycvtZvdmPuxsx_TBbJvDgJBYUXYRaNt_ClXGbkW3SQDHG4mmfSobWFW86jyKzestDk-EHiEeJxfh5KXLQOQopYLZGM0lMbKEiat0gV6ZCyWXqXEXZ45LgaHt8Y6J6A6JTS4KUvp5LIuzc249fEi7YG6CDt1H5-M-2kFSumfS_lN1fT-4NBe9wC/s320/Shulchan%20Aruch.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">To make matters
more difficult, in the middle of the 19<sup>th</sup> century, a Hungarian
scholar, Rabbi Shlomo Ganzfried, created a concise version of the Shulkhan
Arukh, <b>The Kitzur Shulchan Arukh</b>, which became the go-to work for the
average Jew—except it was a Hungarian work, and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>the Hungarian Jews<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>were the most
extreme of their day in practice ( i. e Satmar).<span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">What
we are trying to do, is get back to the sources. </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-62229371497243894172023-08-21T12:41:00.001-07:002023-08-21T12:41:05.790-07:00Not Orthodox, Not Orthoprax Part 2<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Not Orthodox,
Not Orthoprax</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> Link to discussion </o:p></span></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> <a href="https://youtu.be/ii3hqPq0uQo" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/ii3hqPq0uQo</a></o:p></span></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Last
week, opened on why we aren’t OrthoPrax. Now, I want to put into perspective ,
how it is that Jewish law developed and how we tried to apply it to
contemporary situations.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Let
me remind you that sometimes we as Jews have gotten very vociferous and rough
about how we interpret and carry out our interpretations and this is not new. I
mentioned last week that students of the Gaon of Vilna had the government of
Russia throw the founder of Chabad Chasidism into jail.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Here’s
a personal perspective:<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When my father was a youngster, he attended
Gymnasia, which was the modern Academy of its day in his town in Galicia.
Because he wore the uniform of the gymnasia student, even though his father was
one of the leaders of the Jewish community and very orthodox, the Chasidim in
the town threw stones at him because they thought he was a traitor for wearing
the uniform of the gentiles. When World War One broke out the family had to
flee from the front lines to Vienna and on the way they stopped and spent Yom
Kippur in a shtibel in a small town. Here again and his brother were in
uniform, and the rabbi of the shtibel got up ,pointed at my father and his
brother and said “you brought the war upon us.” Heavy guilt for a youngster
just about bar mitzvah age.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSWLfyVZYA6O1dRcgCcib0NuMihivjgkrmbfE7c4ibbNerR_EzkDMfIVlQl_m3PQtLsiWQqA_88rdd7dD7tFA4ukCIs8MT7EsUgjdvJrXy2or1tvOSRw4ZO1j8KnIPUEMUfluuNgSIpWrm2HXIOTzjcEJcpo9oFHqrk96ynscGlXXvSzUQKP4YK8SQ0CnD/s203/WW%20Dolina%20picture%20close%20up.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="203" data-original-width="175" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSWLfyVZYA6O1dRcgCcib0NuMihivjgkrmbfE7c4ibbNerR_EzkDMfIVlQl_m3PQtLsiWQqA_88rdd7dD7tFA4ukCIs8MT7EsUgjdvJrXy2or1tvOSRw4ZO1j8KnIPUEMUfluuNgSIpWrm2HXIOTzjcEJcpo9oFHqrk96ynscGlXXvSzUQKP4YK8SQ0CnD/w345-h400/WW%20Dolina%20picture%20close%20up.jpg" width="345" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">This
fight was not just in his Europe. On my wife's side in Yemen around the same
time, her uncle’s grandfather , the chief rabbi, initiated modern science and
mathematics into the education curricula of the Jewish schools of Sana ,the
capital. He also went out on a full-front war against the Zohar and against the
Kabbalah which he believed was false and detrimental to the Jewish people. He
made enemies of his fellow Rabbis and there were attempts at putting him under
Cherem, expulsion. He was defended in his actions by the Rabbi of the Yishuv,
Avraham Hacohen Kook. Since then, Jews of Yemen very often have been at odds
with each other ,for there are either </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><u><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">igashim</span></span></u></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">, stubborn ones, or </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><u><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">dardeim</span></span></u></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">, the knowledgeable
ones.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix32Zuj_eK2SIA6NYyp93hnL_0k5S6KCGYSf7VV9KtoLh8eVmrLwZ7t3Yu6uV-G4Rjf4JdRkO9ZZ1tx1jHht--X8-YB1_ldkqW2AOgW5b-ODDvbnmHfMQC7B2cjzOkXQXvFxKXHOJljn7ANkwiJNbM9llhK0v4mpxqlqbDM6MDKX9BqFWH6yCYgvBNWhIn/s590/File_001.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="590" data-original-width="590" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEix32Zuj_eK2SIA6NYyp93hnL_0k5S6KCGYSf7VV9KtoLh8eVmrLwZ7t3Yu6uV-G4Rjf4JdRkO9ZZ1tx1jHht--X8-YB1_ldkqW2AOgW5b-ODDvbnmHfMQC7B2cjzOkXQXvFxKXHOJljn7ANkwiJNbM9llhK0v4mpxqlqbDM6MDKX9BqFWH6yCYgvBNWhIn/w400-h400/File_001.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">So,
from whence our basis for Jewish observance?<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">A
simple overview—what distinguishes Rabbinic Judaism from the earlier strands,
Samaritan, or Priestly, Zadukim, or later,Karaim, literalist.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">We
all agree that the foundation is the text of the 5 Books of Moses, From there,
we split. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">We<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>use the terms, Torah She Bichtav, The Torah
Text as written, and Torah she’b’al peh, The Torah as it is explained verbally.
We also use the term, Mideoraita, of Torah-text base, for these laws. We then
have the concept of Miderabbanan, of Rabbinic teachings. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">It
is the concept of </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><u><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Torah
she B al peh,</span></span></u></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">
a teaching that is transmitted orally over the generations from teacher to
student that is the uniqueness of Judaism beyond the text of the Bible. It was
so radical in its day that the Roman Empire was afraid that the oral teachings,
not the written Bible was the great danger to the Roman Empire. Thus when it
comes to the period of the rebellion of Bar Kochba, the Romans permitted the
reading of the Bible but forbade its teachings and interpretation. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Where
does it start ?<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">We
can presume that even in the period of the first temple as the texts that would
make up the Bible are being gathered that there are schools that are enlarging
upon the written word. We have terms like been Bnay Neviim, the sons of the
prophets which may indicate students that gathered around a particular Tzadik
or holy man and recorded his teachings and transmitted them to others.
Certainly when the children of Israel return to the land of Israel and the and
scribe Ezra institutes formal public reading of the Torah, he adds to it the
translation into the common language of the folk Aramaic and with translation,
there's also explanation. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">We
have the development of customs and practices that flesh out be very skimpy
words of the Torah. For example, about Shabbat we have very few descriptions of
what is permitted and what is forbidden in terms of work. The actual practice
is being developed during this period. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">One
example in case is the question of self defense on Shabbat , which I mentioned
earlier.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>During the time of the
repression of Judaism under Antiochus,the very pious would rather die than the
defend themselves on Shabbat.The Maccabees introduced the principal that saving
of life and self defense was essential to preserve the Shabbat. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Other
rules of Shabbat as stated in the Torah text:<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">The
Torah says: Do not go out of your “dwelling places”. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Does
that really mean stay indoors?<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">The
Torah says: You shall not have fire burning on Shabbat.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Does
that mean sit in the dark? Eat cold food?<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">So
we have practices- such as lighting fire before Shabbat, lighting Hanukah
lights, reading the megillah- that catch on, and they need to be justified, in
a basis in the written Torah. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Hence,
the need for scholars who can make the connection between the text and the
practice.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">By
the end of 2</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><sup><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">nd</span></span></sup></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"> Temple period:<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">We
have the rise of schools of scholars. The earliest teachers have no formal
title, after Hillel, we have title “ Rabbi” or Rabban” My or our teacher,
Master.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Authority
is taken away from Prophets ( prophecy is<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>realm of children and the insane) and authority is moved from the text
to the interpreter, even over the voice of Heaven.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Also,
this period gives rise to new theology- techiat hametim-resurrection of the
dead-olam haba- the next life-These are concepts rejected by the Saducees and
the Temple priestly class .<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">We<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>have another concept of competing schools, of
pairing goes through the period of the Mishna and continues into the period of
the Talmud:<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">For
example, Rabbi Ishmael- uses of rules of logical analysis ( 13 midot)- versus
Rabbi Akiba, using unusual phrases or terms as an opening to drive a truck
through ( achin v atin).<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Creation
of early compendia_ Mikhilta, Sifra, Sifrei- Discussions based around the texts
of the Torah. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Finally,
c 200,Rabbi Judah Ha Nasi( Prince) is powerful and connected to the Roman
Emperor, so has the clout to create a formal compendium,The Mishnah( a play on
the term for Devarim, Mishneh torah- a reteaching of the Torah). Now , rules
organized around core themes -Seder- Order Agriculture; Festivals; Women;
Damages; Sanctity( Sacrifices); Purity. These are then divided according to
topics= Masechet=Tractate.Such as Shabbat or Courts(Sanhedrin).<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">What
is important is to note that even this foundational document for authoritative
Judaism, is itself not written in a final “ Thou Shalt”, but in a query and
response, with alternate answers. Thus, the very first word of the Mishna is a
question</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; font-weight: normal !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">,”Me Aymatai</span></span></b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">”, From when do we
begin reciting the Shma of the evening, and we get two answers-the minority
opinion, then the<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>majority opinion, and
then an example in practice.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">No
sooner is the is the ink dry ( or, more accurately, the oral text is memorized
by the students) than new issues arise!<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Jews
in Land of Israel have their needs, Jews in Babylonia, have more wealth and
again, different needs. <o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Again,
we have two different sets of discussions, created by different academies-those
in land of Israel creating a shorter compendium, Talmud Yerushalmi, or
Palestinian Talmud- written under greater oppression of the Christian emperors.
In Babylonia, wealthier, generally tolerant Persian rulers, more time to
develop the text, hence, much more extensive, longer, Talmud Bavli- Babylonian
Talmud. Eventually, the traditions of the Palestinian Jews becomes<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the foundation of Ashkenazic practice, which
the Bavli becomes the foundation for Sephardic practice.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Also the work of pairs, Rav and Shmuel, Abbay
v Rava, and competing academies- Sura & Pumbeditha. Eventually, the Bavli
becomes the authoritative text. New legal figure” Rav”- one who may teach the
laws but can not render rulings on sacrificial animals( long since gone) as
that is reserved only for the “</span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; font-weight: normal !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">amoraim</span></span></b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">: ( teachers of Eretz
Yisrael). The text work and final editing by “ </span></span></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; font-weight: normal !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">Savoraim</span></span></b></span><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">”-reasoners.<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;"><o:p> </o:p></span></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-size: 14.0pt !msorm; line-height: 150% !msorm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-prop-change: "Norbert Weinberg" 20230816T1949;">No
sooner<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is the ink dry( or memorized) and
new issues arise!<o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p>
<br />Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-45967554479328151972023-08-07T14:23:00.003-07:002023-08-07T14:23:30.929-07:00Why aren't we Orthodox or OrthoPrax?<p> <span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Why aren't we Orthodox or OrthoPrax? What is the nature of Hollywood Temple Beth El?</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">For a video on the discussion, go to</span></p><p><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><a href="https://youtu.be/laQLAQofXNg" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/laQLAQofXNg</a><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Did you ever have to ask a Rabbi if a chicken is kosher?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Today, you know, we don't need to do it-- after all, we go to the
kosher butcher, the chicken is already packaged, defeathered, separated, koshered
with salt and water, and it bears the certificate of a Rabbi or rabbinic body
which has already examined it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">But in the good old days, which some of you may remember, where
good or not so good, your mother would go to the butcher, and pick out a live
chicken. The shochet would be there, and cut its neck, and give it an
inspection, and pronounce it kusher or kasher, and your mother would then take
it home to salt and soak it.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">But you know, that your mother would still check it out, and if she
found a flaw, let's say a diseased organ in the chicken, she would run with it
to the Rabbi.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Now,-do you know what the Rabbi would say, if he had any doubts
about the chicken?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Rabbi would look at your mother, and do the opposite of what
politicians do.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The rabbi would look and say,to himself," Mrs. Gold is well to
do, what is another chicken for her--Let her give this chicken away to a
non-Jew, and buy another chicken." And so, he would tell her, Treif.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">But if he sees " Mrs. Urme-leut," He would say,"
Poor Mrs Urme-Leut- so many children to feed, and so little money, and how
precious this chicken is for her-If I have any doubts about the chicken, let it
be on my conscience," and he would pronounce the chicken,"
kosher."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Now, what is my point, since I myself don't inspect chickens-not a
schochet and not a <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">katzav.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">It is that we make a mistake in assuming that Judaism is as it was
and always will be as it was. It is the mistake that the law, the halakhah, is
clad in iron, and that we follow every detail exactly as it is written. This
really comes to the heart of what it means to be a Conservative synagogue. It
is why we reject Orthodoxy on principal as our approach, just as we reject
Reform, on principal as our approach.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">To be correct, all our terms are “ Goyish”- Reform is borrowed from
the Protestant Reformation, “ Orthodox” is borrowed from the Catholic and
Orthodox Eastern Churches,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“ Conservative” is borrowed from the 19th century reaction to the
excess of the French Revolution, just as “ Progressive” is borrowed from the in
the beginning of the political movements of a century ago ( that didn’t always
end up well, like forced sterilization).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“ Reconstructionism” sounds like something from the aftermath of
the Civil War ( although the concept was appropriate). Then, there’s New Age,
but that is so “hippie”, now old hat.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Oxford don <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>and Rabbi Solomon
Schechter, the great founding force of Conservative Judaism, used the term “
Catholic Israel”, which is a good translation of an old term “ Knesset Yisrael”,
but somehow, if I say I’m a Catholic Rabbi, it doesn’t wash.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>None of these are Jewish
terms. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">More properly, we could use, or not, the contemporary usage in
Hebrew, for an observant Jew, as “ Dati”, meaning, one who follows Jewish law,”
dat”( not Faith,as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>there is no one and
only Jewish faith, as in a catechism). Even “ Dat” is not a Hebrew, but a
Persian term, for “ The King’s Law”, which is why Haman accuses the Jews of
having “ different laws”( dateyhem) but not the law of the king “ datey
Hamelech”.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><br />
For the opposite, we could say “Chiloni”, from the word “Chol” “ secular”, that
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>is used to describe the rest, but that
too is not appropriate, as most Israelis, and most Jews elsewhere, are not
fully “ secular” in the sense of disconnected <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>from their heritage and religious sensibility,
but more properly, in the sense of “masorti”, accepting a chain of tradition,
handed down form past generations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">So, we are in the “ Masorti” branch, not the “ Dati”, or we may say
“ Orthoprax, branch.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">So, what is our “ Masorah”, our heritage, and is there truly an
OrthoPrax, as much as there is not, truly, an Orthodox.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">So, a better term, is a “ halakhic Jew”, a Jew who follows, as best
as possible, the “Halakha”, the way to go, but, slippery slope, even here, it
is a question of whose “halakha”, who is the posek, the decider.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">We could go with the term that was used by one of the founders of
early Conservative Judaism, Rabbi Zecharia Frankel, which was “
Positive-Historical”, so to say, “ We have a positive attitude to Jewish
practice and tradition, and we combine it with the recognition that we also
need to understand our historical sources, see how they were applied, and how
interpreted over the centuries, in order to adapt to our needs.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">We ,above all, must put to bed the great error, that there has
always been one uniform and universal Orthodox Judaism, which has remained the
same since Moses time. There has not been so and our ancient sages recognized
that to be true.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">There is a classic tale, in which Moses is to " Back to the
Future" to see the famous Rabbi Akiba who would explain problems of the
Torah hidden from Moses. He is whisked to the future, and sits in the class of
great Rabbi. And Moses is dumbfounded--he doesn't understand a single issue
that Rabbi Akiba is discussing. He is ready to faint.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Then, a student asks, Rabbi Akiba--where do we know all these
rules?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">To this, Rabbi Akiba replies--they are halakha lemoshe
missinai--they are the laws that Moses himself taught us at Sinai.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">To this Moses finally recovers his composure--and returns to
heaven.(Menahot 29b)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What is the message of the story--that in Rabbis Akiba’s time--the
sages knew that they had made tremendous innovations in not only Jewish
practice, but also in belief--doctrines and teachings that could not be found
in the Torah. But they honestly believed that the principals for these changes
could be understood from the Torah, even if they turned summersaults to make
their point.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">They knew that hazman gorem vehamakom gorem--time and place
determine the interpretation and application of the law.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The truth is, that in all times and ages, the Rabbis knew that
their teachings depended upon the needs of the times.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Rabbis would say <span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA">עת לעשות לה' הפרו תורתך"</span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>"<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>quoting Ps 119:126.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“It is time to act for God; they have broken your Torah”. But they
would intentionally interpret it to its opposite meaning--"When it is
necessary for the cause of God,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>violate
the Torah.") Talmud Berakhot 54a and others)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We can use a medical
metaphor, that our scholars recognized occasions when it was necessary to cut
out a diseased limb, in order to save a life, and transplant something new and
healthy. The classic example of all times was the concept of “pikuach nefesh”,
saving life, and therefore, one violates the Shabbat to save a life, even if
the chances of surviving are slim, or the danger, slight. Violate one Shabbat
in order to celebrate a lifetime of Shabbat. Tell me where the Torah authorizes
its own violation? It doesn’t. It says that “ You will observe my laws and
judgements that a person shall do them and live by them”( Lev 18:5, also in
Ezekiel). The simple meaning is that you shall do them and live according to
them.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Rabbis took the license to reinterpret the “ pshat”, the clear
meaning, and introduce something<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>external—“ you shall not die by them” but “live “ by them, so don’t let
yourself die in the process. .( Talmud Yoma 85b)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">If there is any proof that Judaism has changed drastically, just
look at Hasidism. Today, we think of it as the example of Orthodoxy. Nothing
could be further from the truth.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The truth is, that in its early days, the Hasidim, whom we see as “ultra-
Orthodox”, were the great heretics of their day. The Rabbis of those days
condemned Hasidism as a violation of Jewish law, and the founder of Habad was
himself thrown in jail for his innovations.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">One of the early Hasidic masters gave voice to the movement. He was
asked why he did not follow in his father's traditions, as he had broken from
his father's teachings. To this he answered, "But I do follow in his
teachings-- My father broke with his father's ways, and I am following his
tradition and I now break with his ways."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The great teachers of Hasidism, in its great days of the Baal Shem
Tov and his followers, knew that to make an omelet, you have to break the egg shell.
It was that readiness to break the eggshell that gave Hasidism its power in its
Day.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I am therefore disturbed by an attitude, widely prevalent, that
says,"we conservative Jews, are not really good Jews---they-, the
Orthdodox, or the ultra- Orthodox, they are really preserving Judaism as it
should be."<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">That is why, for example, the status of women in our synagogue is a
crucial issue.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">A few years ago, a parent of our nursery school, who was also
active in the new Russian Habad synagogue, approached us about the possibility
of the two joining or merging. All that would be needed would be for a <u>mechitzah
</u>to be placed in the middle, and the two congregations could combine forces.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">She then made what is the common; we can call it " Put
down" of Conservative Judaism, namely, understandably, we try <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>what we can to bring in the general Jewish
public, but after all,the Habad way, is the authentic Jewish way, and we should
all choose to get to their point of view. If that's true, how important could
mixed seating or aliyoth for women be then." Big deal.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">PS For many of my Orthodox friends, Chabad is questionable because
they let themselves get caught up in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the
“ Rebbe as Moshiach” movement, often derided as “ Shavtai Zvi” heresy.Or, as
one of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the leaders of the Lithuanian
Orthodox quipped,”If I am recincarnated, but can’t come back as a Jew, I will
come back as a Chabadnik. It’s almost a Jew.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">But the position of women in Judaism today is precisely the big
deal, the same big deal for which the Rabbi would pasken a chicken kosher, or
change a law of the Bible to encourage loans to the poor--because it is necessary
for the wellbeing of the Jewish community, which is at least 50% women , as far
as I understand.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Conservative movement has made the issue of the position of
women in modern Judaism a fighting issue. It has shed emotional blood, one
could say, to make the statement, that what was once may no longer be. It went<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>through a tough battle that ran through my
own years as a rabbinical student, up to the point that the movement finally
endorsed women as Rabbis, about a decade after the Reform, and some 50 or 60
years after the first woman was ordained in Germany, also against the grain of
the Reform of its day.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">True, we did have a quasi-Orthodox chapel service, in which women were
not called up to the Torah but it did have mixed seating-- and for years, the effectual
leader of the chapel was a woman, Rebitzin Henrietta Klein, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the widow of one of my father’s colleagues and
friends. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We had it here out of a
willingness to be able to include, rather than exclude a group of Jews, as much
as is possible, and I made a point of always dropping in to their services and
giving a dvar torah, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>But it was never a
standard of position of our Temple, which, while traditional, was officially
not Orthodox. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I will say, in irony, that I had cultivated one of the chapel leaders,
who was somewhat irascible, but we had a good relationship, until, one year, we
ran a joint service on Simchat Tora, and my mother held a Torah scroll. He blew
up and stopped talking to me.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In the meantime, the Orthodox synagogues in town, like Beth Jacob,
did have women carry the scrolls for Simhat Torah. As I said, he was an
irascible character.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In Conservative fashion, we do not take as Torah from Sinai the
words of the Shulkhan Arukh . We are obliged to go to the sources, which the
author of the Shulkhan Arukh himself intended. We have examined the sources, we
have searched the Talmud to find that it permits women in principal to have an
aliyah, and we have found the words of many great ancient Rabbis who
specifically called up women for an aliyah.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">We have searched our sources, and we find no basis to prohibit
women from holding the Torah, or from putting on the Talit, or from wearing
tefillin. The laws of ritual purity do not apply.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">We have searched our sources, and we have found sufficient basis to
count women for the minyan, although the basic practice was against it. We have
searched our sources, and found the basis to accept women as presidents of the
Temple, as teachers of Jewish law, as rabbis,and as leaders of our prayers, as
cantors.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Let us be frank about our community . We do not live in an Orthodox
community, and if anyone drives here to get to us, then by definition, that is
not Orthodox. I know that Chabad closes an eye to driving, as do many Orthodox
Rabbis, but Jewish law, from an Orthodox perspective, in principal, forbids
someone from giving it a direct permission. That is why, if you have been to
Beth Jacob or Bnai David Judea, you see no parking lot. Beth Jacob used to have
one, but it is now a garden.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I remember being a Shabbat guest <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>at the home of an Orthodox Rabbi, a lovely
man, who walked out of shule on Shabbat after services from the back door, so
as not to see who was driving and so as not to embarrass those who drove. There
is an old halachic principal which states that you never tell someone something
is prohibited when you know they will keep on doing it, under the concept that
“ ignorance of the law <b>is</b> an excuse.” The Conservative movement
authorized driving, under admittedly technical and perhaps flimsy grounds,
because it is better to do something permitted than forbidden, and not rely on
“ignorance” as an excuse.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Now, some people fall in
love with the Orthodox approach to Judaism because it gives them an iron-clad
approach to life--all is prescribed, all is written out and thought out.
Certainly, one of the strengths of the Orthodox is that they, of necessity, all
live near their synagogue, and that creates for a very warm and supportive
community.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">But I know that I am dealing with Jews who no longer live near each
other, who no longer have the same commitment to Jewish observance, and my
obligation is to build a Judaism they will live or can live with. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I will continue next session to look at how halakhah was developed
and then addressed the issue of Shabbat, the issue of what is work, what is
fire and what is electricity. Is flipping the switch the same as lighting a
match? Is moving past a motion detector the same as flipping a switch, and
other issues.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">We need to take up the standard, which our Rabbis said," Et
Laasot ladonay-et toratecha heyferu--Be ready to take action for the sake of
God, even if it means turning his Torah around.<o:p></o:p></span></p>Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-18332541048160799052023-07-24T22:13:00.000-07:002023-07-24T22:13:02.668-07:00What is the greatest sin of all? Thoughts on Tisha B Av and today<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">What is the greatest
sin of all?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p><br /></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> Thoughts on Tisha B Av and today</o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p>Link to video discussion</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> <a href="https://youtu.be/Gqp0yBmsyzQ" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/Gqp0yBmsyzQ</a></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">(text and
translation from Sefaria.org, with some emendations)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Yoma 9b<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">מִקְדָּשׁ רִאשׁוֹן
מִפְּנֵי מָה חָרַב — מִפְּנֵי שְׁלֹשָׁה דְּבָרִים שֶׁהָיוּ בּוֹ: עֲבוֹדָה
זָרָה, וְגִלּוּי עֲרָיוֹת, וּשְׁפִיכוּת דָּמִים. עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, דִּכְתִיב:
״כִּי קָצַר הַמַּצָּע מֵהִשְׂתָּרֵעַ״. </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Due to what</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> reason <b>was</b>
the <b>First Temple destroyed?</b> It was destroyed <b>due to</b> the fact <b>that
there were three matters</b> that existed <b>in</b> the First Temple: <b>Idol
worship, forbidden sexual relations, and bloodshed. <o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Idol worship, as it
is written: “The bed is too short for stretching [<i>mehistare’a</i>],</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> and the cover is
too narrow for gathering” (Isaiah 28:20). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">מַאי ״קָצַר
הַמַּצָּע מֵהִשְׂתָּרֵעַ״? אָמַר רַבִּי יוֹנָתָן: קָצַר מַצָּע זֶה
מֵהִשְׂתָּרֵר עָלָיו שְׁנֵי רֵעִים כְּאֶחָד. </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[This is a play on
words, intimating that the bed is too small for two competing lovers, God and
the pagan idol, a reference to King Menasseh who introduced pagan idols into
the Temple]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">גִּלּוּי עֲרָיוֹת,
דִּכְתִיב: ״וַיֹּאמֶר ה׳ יַעַן כִּי גָבְהוּ בְּנוֹת צִיּוֹן וַתֵּלַכְנָה
נְטוּיוֹת גָּרוֹן וּמְשַׂקְּרוֹת עֵינָיִם הָלוֹךְ וְטָפוֹף תֵּלַכְנָה
וּבְרַגְלֵיהֶן תְּעַכַּסְנָה״. ״יַעַן כִּי גָּבְהוּ בְּנוֹת צִיּוֹן״ — שֶׁהָיוּ
מְהַלְּכוֹת אֲרוּכָּה בְּצַד קְצָרָה. ״וַתֵּלַכְנָה נְטוּיוֹת גָּרוֹן״ —
שֶׁהָיוּ מְהַלְּכוֹת בְּקוֹמָה זְקוּפָה. ״וּמְשַׂקְּרוֹת עֵינַיִם״ — דַּהֲווֹ
מָלְיָין כּוּחְלָא עֵינֵיהֶן. ״הָלוֹךְ וְטָפוֹף תֵּלַכְנָה״ — שֶׁהָיוּ
מְהַלְּכוֹת עָקֵב בְּצַד גּוּדָל. ״וּבְרַגְלֵיהֶן תְּעַכַּסְנָה״ — אָמַר רַבִּי
יִצְחָק: שֶׁהָיוּ מְבִיאוֹת מוֹר וַאֲפַרְסְמוֹן וּמַנִּיחוֹת בְּמִנְעֲלֵיהֶן,
וּכְשֶׁמַּגִּיעוֹת אֵצֶל בַּחוּרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל בּוֹעֲטוֹת וּמַתִּיזוֹת עֲלֵיהֶן,
וּמַכְנִיסִין בָּהֶן יֵצֶר הָרָע כְּאֶרֶס בְּכָעוּס. </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">With regard to <b>forbidden
sexual relations, it is written: “The Lord says because the daughters of Zion
are haughty and walk with outstretched necks and wanton eyes, walking and
mincing as they go and making a tinkling with their feet”</b> (Isaiah 3:16). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[In short, blaming
the women for enticing young men with their posture, winks, and perfumes.]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">שְׁפִיכוּת דָּמִים,
דִּכְתִיב: ״וְגַם דָּם נָקִי שָׁפַךְ מְנַשֶּׁה [הַרְבֵּה מְאֹד] עַד אֲשֶׁר
מִלֵּא אֶת יְרוּשָׁלִַם פֶּה לָפֶה״. </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">With regard to <b>bloodshed
it is written: “Moreover, Manasseh shed innocent blood very much, until he had
filled Jerusalem from one end to another”</b> (II Kings 21:16). Baal and<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[Menasseh, as king,
reversed the reforms of his father, King Hezekiah, and restored the Baal and
Ashera to the Temple, allied himself to Assyria, offered his own son to Moloch,
and carried out purges against the Prophets, possibly including even Isaiah.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Here there, is no
need for an expiation. Blame the men!<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Talk about equal opportunity—two blame the men, one blames the women]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">What was different
about the 2<sup>nd</sup> Temple?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">אֲבָל מִקְדָּשׁ
שֵׁנִי שֶׁהָיוּ עוֹסְקִין בְּתוֹרָה וּבְמִצְוֹת וּגְמִילוּת חֲסָדִים, מִפְּנֵי
מָה חָרַב? מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהָיְתָה בּוֹ שִׂנְאַת חִנָּם. לְלַמֶּדְךָ שֶׁשְּׁקוּלָה
שִׂנְאַת חִנָּם כְּנֶגֶד שָׁלֹשׁ עֲבֵירוֹת: עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה, גִּלּוּי עֲרָיוֹת,
וּשְׁפִיכוּת דָּמִים. </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">However,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> considering that
the people during <b>the Second Temple</b> period <b>were engaged in Torah</b>
study, observance of <b>mitzvot, and acts of kindness,</b> and that they did
not perform the sinful acts that were performed in the First Temple, <b>why was</b>
the Second Temple <b>destroyed?</b> It was destroyed <b>due to</b> the fact <b>that
there was wanton hatred</b> during that period. This comes <b>to teach you that</b>
the sin of <b>wanton hatred is equivalent to the three</b> severe <b>transgressions:
Idol worship, forbidden sexual relations and bloodshed.</b> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[Regarding the sins
of the First Temple period:]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">רְשָׁעִים הָיוּ,
אֶלָּא שֶׁתָּלוּ בִּטְחוֹנָם בְּהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. אֲתָאן לְמִקְדָּשׁ
רִאשׁוֹן, דִּכְתִיב: ״רָאשֶׁיהָ בְּשׁוֹחַד יִשְׁפּוֹטוּ וְכֹהֲנֶיהָ בִּמְחִיר
יוֹרוּ וּנְבִיאֶיהָ בְּכֶסֶף יִקְסוֹמוּ וְעַל ה׳ יִשָּׁעֵנוּ לֵאמֹר הֲלֹא ה׳
בְּקִרְבֵּנוּ לֹא תָבוֹא עָלֵינוּ רָעָה״. לְפִיכָךְ הֵבִיא עֲלֵיהֶן הַקָּדוֹשׁ
בָּרוּךְ הוּא שָׁלֹשׁ גְּזֵרוֹת כְּנֶגֶד שָׁלֹשׁ עֲבֵירוֹת שֶׁבְּיָדָם,
שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״לָכֵן בִּגְלַלְכֶם צִיּוֹן שָׂדֶה תֵחָרֵשׁ וִירוּשָׁלִַים עִיִּין
תִּהְיֶה וְהַר הַבַּיִת לְבָמוֹת יָעַר״. </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The Gemara
continues: <b>They were wicked; however, they put their faith in the Holy One,
Blessed be He.</b> With that statement <b>we have come to</b> the <b>First
Temple</b> era, about <b>which it is written: “Her chiefs judge for bribes, her
priests give rulings for a fee, and her prophets divine for pay; yet they rely
on the Lord, saying: The Lord is in our midst, no tragedy will overtake us”</b>
(Micah 3:11…. <b>Therefore, the Holy One, Blessed be He, brought upon them
three decrees corresponding to their three wicked sins, as it is stated:
“Therefore, due to you Zion will be plowed as a field, Jerusalem will become
heaps of ruins, and the Temple Mount will be a like a shrine in the woods”</b>
(Micah 3:12). <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[In other words, it
was their <b>hypocrisy</b>, hiding behind the faith that God would save them,
no matter what, that ruined them.]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[What about hatred
in the First Temple]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">וּבְמִקְדָּשׁ
רִאשׁוֹן לָא הֲוָה בֵּיהּ שִׂנְאַת חִנָּם? וְהָכְתִיב: ״מְגוּרֵי אֶל חֶרֶב
הָיוּ אֶת עַמִּי לָכֵן סְפוֹק אֶל יָרֵךְ״, וְאָמַר רַבִּי (אֱלִיעֶזֶר): אֵלּוּ
בְּנֵי אָדָם שֶׁאוֹכְלִין וְשׁוֹתִין זֶה עִם זֶה וְדוֹקְרִין זֶה אֶת זֶה
בַּחֲרָבוֹת שֶׁבִּלְשׁוֹנָם. </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The Gemara asks: <b>And
in the First Temple</b> era <b>was there</b> really <b>no baseless hatred?
Isn’t it written:</b> “Cry and wail, son of man, for this will befall my
people, this will befall all the princes of Israel: <b>They will be cast before
the sword together with my people, therefore strike the thigh”</b> (Ezekiel
21:17)? <b>Rabbi Eliezer</b> interpreted this verse and <b>said: These are
people who eat and drink with each other and stab each other with verbal barbs.</b>
Apparently, even those who were close were filled with hatred toward one
another. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[ There was still a
chance of survival of the Judeans even after the fall of Jerusalem. Gedaliah
was appointed governor by the Babylonians and started the process of rebuilding
the farm lands of Judea. He was assassinated by a man whose life he had spared,
and as a result, the remnants of Judea fled to Egypt, finally, emptying the
land]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[The crime of the
leadership]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">הַהִיא בִּנְשִׂיאֵי
יִשְׂרָאֵל הֲוַאי, דִּכְתִיב: ״זְעַק וְהֵילֵל בֶּן אָדָם כִּי הִיא הָיְתָה
בְעַמִּי״, וְתַנְיָא: ״זְעַק וְהֵילֵל בֶּן אָדָם״, יָכוֹל לַכֹּל? תַּלְמוּד
לוֹמַר: ״הִיא בְּכׇל נְשִׂיאֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל״. </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The Gemara answers: <b>That</b>
behavior <b>was</b> found only among <b>the princes of Israel, as it is
written: “Cry and wail, son of man, for this will befall my people”; and it was
taught</b> in a <i>baraita</i>: <b>“Cry and wail, son of man,</b> for this will
befall my people”; one <b>might</b> have thought that this unsavory trait was
common <b>to all.</b> Therefore, <b>the verse states: “This will befall all the
princes of Israel.”</b> It was only the leaders of the nation who harbored
baseless hatred for each other; the people of the nation as a whole did not
hate one another. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[The hypocrisy of
the people made the punishment worse the second time round:]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">רַבִּי יוֹחָנָן
וְרַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר דְּאָמְרִי תַּרְוַויְיהוּ: רִאשׁוֹנִים שֶׁנִּתְגַּלָּה
עֲוֹנָם — נִתְגַּלָּה קִצָּם. אַחֲרוֹנִים שֶׁלֹּא נִתְגַּלָּה עֲוֹנָם — לֹא
נִתְגַּלָּה קִצָּם. </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">§ It was <b>Rabbi
Yoḥanan and Rabbi Elazar who both said:</b> In the case of <b>the former,</b>
the people in the First Temple era, <b>whose sin was exposed</b> and no attempt
was made to disguise their conduct, the <b>end</b> of <b>their</b> punishment <b>was
exposed,</b> and the prophet informed them that they would return to their land
in seventy years. In the case of <b>the latter,</b> the people in the Second
Temple era, <b>whose sin was not exposed;</b> rather, they attempted to
disguise their conduct, the <b>end</b> of <b>their</b> punishment <b>was not
exposed.</b> [ In short, we will never know when the end of exile will come]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Who were really
better? The people of the first, or of the second Temple?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">אָמַר רַבִּי
יוֹחָנָן: טוֹבָה צִפּוֹרְנָן שֶׁל רִאשׁוֹנִים, מִכְּרֵיסוֹ שֶׁל אַחֲרוֹנִים.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ רֵישׁ לָקִישׁ: אַדְּרַבָּה אַחֲרוֹנִים עֲדִיפִי, אַף עַל גַּב
דְּאִיכָּא שִׁעְבּוּד מַלְכִיּוֹת — קָא עָסְקִי בְּתוֹרָה. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: בִּירָה
תּוֹכִיחַ, שֶׁחָזְרָה לָרִאשׁוֹנִים וְלֹא חָזְרָה לָאַחֲרוֹנִים. </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Rabbi Yoḥanan said:
The fingernails of the former[first Temple] are preferable to the belly of the
latter[2<sup>nd</sup> Temple]. Reish Lakish said to him: On the contrary, the
latter were superior; even though there is subjugation by the kingdoms, they
are engaged in Torah study.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> Rabbi Yoḥanan <b>said to</b> Reish Lakish: <b>The
Temple will prove</b> that the former were superior, <b>as it</b> was <b>restored
to the former.</b> The Second Temple was constructed after the destruction of
the first. However, after the destruction of the Second Temple, <b>it</b> was <b>not
restored to the latter.</b> Apparently, the former were superior to the latter.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[In short, even with
engagement in Torah study, we are still paying the price==and that was said 2
centuries afterwards=we are 2 millenia afterwards]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">שָׁאֲלוּ אֶת רַבִּי
אֶלְעָזָר: רִאשׁוֹנִים גְּדוֹלִים, אוֹ אַחֲרוֹנִים גְּדוֹלִים? אָמַר לָהֶם:
תְּנוּ עֵינֵיכֶם בַּבִּירָה. אִיכָּא דְּאָמְרִי, אָמַר לָהֶם: עֵידֵיכֶם
בִּירָה, </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Similarly, the Sages
<b>asked Rabbi Elazar: Are the former greater or are the latter greater? He
said to them: Look to the Temple</b> and see if it has been restored, as it was
to our predecessors. <b>Some say</b> the exchange was slightly different: <b>He
said to them: The Temple is your witness.</b> The restoration of the Temple
after the destruction of the First Temple, attests to the fact that the former
generation was greater.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">In short, the price
of groundless hatred was much greater!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">So what is the
example that our sages give us?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">A tale of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kamtza( a mere nothing, a locust) and bar kamzta(
son of a mere nothing, son of a locust)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Gittin 55b<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">אָמַר רַבִּי
יוֹחָנָן, מַאי דִּכְתִיב: ״אַשְׁרֵי אָדָם מְפַחֵד תָּמִיד וּמַקְשֶׁה לִבּוֹ
יִפּוֹל בְּרָעָה״? אַקַּמְצָא וּבַר קַמְצָא חֲרוּב יְרוּשָׁלַיִם,
אַתַּרְנְגוֹלָא וְתַרְנְגוֹלְתָּא חֲרוּב טוּר מַלְכָּא, אַשָּׁקָא דְרִיסְפַּק
חֲרוּב בֵּיתֵּר. </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">§ Apropos the war
that led to the destruction of the Second Temple, the Gemara examines several
aspects of the destruction of that Temple in greater detail: <b>Rabbi Yoḥanan
said: What</b> is the meaning of that <b>which is written: “Happy is the man
who fears always, but he who hardens his heart shall fall into mischief”</b>
(Proverbs 28:14)? <b>Jerusalem was destroyed on account of Kamtza and bar
Kamtza.</b> The place known as <b>the King’s Mountain was destroyed on account
of a rooster and a hen.</b> The city of <b>Beitar was destroyed on account of a
shaft from a chariot [<i>rispak</i>].</b> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">אַקַּמְצָא וּבַר
קַמְצָא חֲרוּב יְרוּשָׁלַיִם – דְּהָהוּא גַּבְרָא דְּרָחֲמֵיהּ קַמְצָא, וּבְעֵל
דְּבָבֵיהּ בַּר קַמְצָא. עֲבַד סְעוֹדְתָּא, אֲמַר לֵיהּ לְשַׁמָּעֵיהּ: זִיל
אַיְיתִי לִי קַמְצָא. אֲזַל אַיְיתִי לֵיהּ בַּר קַמְצָא. </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The Gemara explains:
<b>Jerusalem was destroyed on account of Kamtza and bar Kamtza.</b> This is <b>as</b>
there was <b>a certain man whose friend</b> was named <b>Kamtza and whose enemy</b>
was named <b>bar Kamtza. He</b> once <b>made</b> a large <b>feast</b> and <b>said
to his servant: Go bring me</b> my friend <b>Kamtza.</b> The servant <b>went</b>
and mistakenly <b>brought him</b> his enemy <b>bar Kamtza.</b> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">אֲתָא, אַשְׁכְּחֵיהּ
דַּהֲוָה יָתֵיב. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מִכְּדֵי הָהוּא גַּבְרָא בְּעֵל דְּבָבֵאּ
דְּהָהוּא גַּבְרָא הוּא, מַאי בָּעֵית הָכָא? קוּם פּוֹק! אֲמַר לֵיהּ: הוֹאִיל
וַאֲתַאי, שִׁבְקַן וְיָהֵיבְנָא לָךְ דְּמֵי מָה דְּאָכֵילְנָא וְשָׁתֵינָא. </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The man who was
hosting the feast <b>came and found</b> bar Kamtza <b>sitting</b> at the feast.
The host <b>said to</b> bar Kamtza. <b>That man is the enemy [<i>ba’al devava</i>]
of that man,</b> that is, you are my enemy. <b>What</b> then <b>do you want
here? Arise</b> and <b>leave.</b> Bar Kamtza <b>said to him: Since I have</b>
already <b>come, let me stay and I will give you money</b> for <b>whatever I
eat and drink.</b> Just do not embarrass me by sending me out. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>56a<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">אֲמַר לֵיהּ: לָא.
אֲמַר לֵיהּ: יָהֵיבְנָא לָךְ דְּמֵי פַּלְגָא דִּסְעוֹדְתָּיךְ! אֲמַר לֵיהּ:
לָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: יָהֵיבְנָא לָךְ דְּמֵי כּוּלַּהּ סְעוֹדְתָּיךְ! אֲמַר לֵיהּ:
לָא. נַקְטֵיהּ בִּידֵיהּ וְאוֹקְמֵיהּ וְאַפְּקֵיהּ. </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">The host <b>said to
him: No,</b> you must leave. Bar Kamtza <b>said to him: I will give you money
for half of the feast;</b> just do not send me away. The host <b>said to him:
No,</b> you must leave. Bar Kamtza then <b>said to him: I will give you money
for the entire feast;</b> just let me stay. The host <b>said to him: No,</b>
you must leave. Finally, the host <b>took</b> bar Kamtza <b>by his hand, stood
him up, and took him out.</b> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">אָמַר: הוֹאִיל
וַהֲווֹ יָתְבִי רַבָּנַן וְלָא מַחוֹ בֵּיהּ, שְׁמַע מִינַּהּ קָא נִיחָא לְהוּ,
אֵיזִיל אֵיכוֹל בְּהוּ קוּרְצָא בֵּי מַלְכָּא. אֲזַל אֲמַר לֵיהּ לְקֵיסָר:
מְרַדוּ בָּךְ יְהוּדָאֵי! אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מִי יֵימַר? אֲמַר לֵיהּ: שַׁדַּר לְהוּ
קוּרְבָּנָא, חָזֵית אִי מַקְרְבִין לֵיהּ. </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">After having been
cast out from the feast, bar Kamtza <b>said</b> to himself: <b>Since the Sages
were sitting</b> there <b>and did not protest</b> the actions of the host,
although they saw how he humiliated me, <b>learn from it that they were content</b>
with what he did. <b>I will</b> therefore <b>go and inform [<i>eikhul kurtza</i>]
against them to the king. <o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[ The failure of
leadership to prevent public shaming led to the destruction , as well]<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">He went</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> and <b>said to the
emperor: The Jews have rebelled against you.</b> The emperor <b>said to him:
Who says</b> that this is the case? Bar Kamtza <b>said to him:</b> Go and test
them; <b>send them an offering</b> to be brought in honor of the government,
and <b>see whether they</b> will <b>sacrifice it.</b> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[As the account
goes, he has the Emperor send a calf for sacrifice, but Bar Kamtza sees to it
that the calf has a cut that blemishes it and makes it unfit for sacrifice. The
sages in the Temple realize that it was<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>a set up by Bar Kamtza, who would then report it to the Emperor. They
are tempted to kill Bar Kamtza, but one sage prevails, out of fear of the
repercussions]<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[Here is where the
militants made it worse:]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">הֲווֹ בְּהוּ הָנְהוּ
בִּרְיוֹנֵי, אֲמַרוּ לְהוּ רַבָּנַן: נִיפּוֹק וְנַעֲבֵיד שְׁלָמָא בַּהֲדַיְיהוּ.
לָא שַׁבְקִינְהוּ. אֲמַרוּ לְהוּ: נִיפּוֹק וְנַעֲבֵיד קְרָבָא בַּהֲדַיְיהוּ,
אֲמַרוּ לְהוּ רַבָּנַן: לָא מִסְתַּיְּיעָא מִילְּתָא. קָמוּ קְלֹנְהוּ לְהָנְהוּ
אַמְבָּרֵי דְּחִיטֵּי וּשְׂעָרֵי, וַהֲוָה כַּפְנָא. </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">There were certain
zealots among</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> the people of Jerusalem. <b>The Sages said to them: Let us go out and
make peace with</b> the Romans. But the zealots <b>did not allow them</b> to do
this. The zealots <b>said to</b> the Sages: <b>Let us go out and engage in
battle against</b> the Romans. But <b>the Sages said to them: You will not be
successful.</b> It would be better for you to wait until the siege is broken.
In order to force the residents of the city to engage in battle, the zealots <b>arose
and burned</b> down <b>these storehouses [<i>ambarei</i>] of wheat and barley,
and there was</b> a general <b>famine.</b> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">אַבָּא סִקְרָא –
רֵישׁ בִּרְיוֹנֵי דִּירוּשָׁלַיִם, בַּר אֲחָתֵיהּ דְּרַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן
זַכַּאי הֲוָה. שְׁלַח לֵיהּ: תָּא בְּצִינְעָא לְגַבַּאי. אֲתָא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ:
עַד אֵימַת עָבְדִיתוּ הָכִי, וְקָטְלִיתוּ לֵיהּ לְעָלְמָא בְּכַפְנָא? אֲמַר
לֵיהּ: מַאי אֶיעֱבֵיד, דְּאִי אָמֵינָא לְהוּ מִידֵּי קָטְלוּ לִי! אֲמַר לֵיהּ:
חֲזִי לִי תַּקַּנְתָּא לְדִידִי דְּאֶיפּוֹק, אֶפְשָׁר דְּהָוֵי הַצָּלָה
פּוּרְתָּא.</span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><span dir="RTL"></span><span dir="RTL"></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>[How did we then survive the greatest devastation possible, the
loss of the Temple?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">It would seem that
even among the zealots, there were those who realized that their would be no
saving Jerusalem]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">§ The Gemara
relates: <b>Abba Sikkara [ The head of Sicarii] was the leader of the zealots [<i>biryonei</i>]
of Jerusalem</b> and <b>the son of the sister of Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai.</b>
Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai <b>sent</b> a message <b>to him: Come to me in
secret. He came,</b> and Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai <b>said to him: Until when
will you do this and kill everyone through starvation?</b> Abba Sikkara <b>said
to him: What can I do, for if I say something to them they will kill me.</b>
Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai <b>said to him: Show me a method</b> so <b>that I
will</b> be able to <b>leave</b> the city, and it is <b>possible that</b>
through this <b>there will be</b> some <b>small salvation.</b> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">אֲמַר לֵיהּ: נְקוֹט
נַפְשָׁךְ בִּקְצִירֵי, וְלֵיתוֹ כּוּלֵּי עָלְמָא וְלִישַׁיְּילוּ בָּךְ,
וְאַיְיתִי מִידֵּי סַרְיָא וְאַגְנִי גַּבָּךְ, וְלֵימְרוּ דְּנָח נַפְשָׁךְ.
וְלִיעַיְּילוּ בָּךְ תַּלְמִידָךְ וְלָא לֵיעוּל בָּךְ אִינִישׁ אַחֲרִינָא,
דְּלָא לַרְגְּשׁוּן בָּךְ דְּקַלִּיל אַתְּ, דְּאִינְהוּ יָדְעִי דְּחַיָּיא
קַלִּיל מִמִּיתָא. </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Abba Sikkara <b>said
to him:</b> This is what you should do: <b>Pretend to be sick, and have
everyone come and ask</b> about your welfare, so that word will spread about
your ailing condition. Afterward <b>bring something putrid and place it near
you, so that</b> people <b>will say that you have died</b> and are decomposing.
<b>And</b> then, <b>have your students enter</b> to bring you to burial, <b>and
let no one else come in so that</b> the zealots <b>not notice that you are</b>
still <b>light. As</b> the zealots <b>know that a living</b> person <b>is
lighter than a dead</b> person. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">עָבֵיד הָכִי.
נִכְנַס בּוֹ רַבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר מִצַּד אֶחָד, וְרַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ מִצַּד אַחֵר.
כִּי מְטוֹ לְפִיתְחָא, בְּעוֹ לְמִדְקְרֵיהּ. אֲמַר לְהוּ: יֹאמְרוּ: רַבָּן דָּקְרוּ!
בְּעוֹ לְמִדְחֲפֵיהּ. אֲמַר לְהוּ: יֹאמְרוּ: רַבָּן דָּחֲפוּ! פְּתַחוּ לֵיהּ
בָּבָא, נְפַק. </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Rabban Yoḥanan ben
Zakkai <b>did this. Rabbi Eliezer entered from one side and Rabbi Yehoshua from
the other side</b> to take him out. <b>When they arrived at the entrance</b> of
the city on the inside, the guards, who were of the faction of the zealots, <b>wanted
to pierce him</b> with their swords in order to ascertain that he was actually
dead, as was the common practice. Abba Sikkara <b>said to them:</b> The Romans <b>will
say</b> that <b>they pierce</b> even <b>their teacher.</b> The guards then <b>wanted</b>
at least <b>to push him</b> to see whether he was still alive, in which case he
would cry out on account of the pushing. Abba Sikkara <b>said to them: They
will say</b> that <b>they push</b> even <b>their teacher.</b> The guards then <b>opened
the gate</b> and <b>he was taken out.</b> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">כִּי מְטָא לְהָתָם,
אֲמַר: שְׁלָמָא עֲלָךְ מַלְכָּא, שְׁלָמָא עֲלָךְ מַלְכָּא. אֲמַר לֵיהּ:
מִיחַיְּיבַתְּ תְּרֵי (קְטָלָא) [קָטְלִי], חֲדָא דְּלָאו מַלְכָּא אֲנָא וְקָא
קָרֵית לִי מַלְכָּא, וְתוּ אִי מַלְכָּא אֲנָא עַד הָאִידָּנָא אַמַּאי לָא
אָתֵית לְגַבַּאי. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: דְּקָאָמְרַתְּ לָאו מַלְכָּא אֲנָא, </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">When</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> Rabban Yoḥanan ben
Zakkai <b>reached there,</b> i.e., the Roman camp, <b>he said: Greetings to
you, the king; greetings to you, the king.</b> Vespasian <b>said to him: You
are liable for two death penalties, one</b> because <b>I am not a king and</b>
yet <b>you call me king, and furthermore, if I am a king, why didn’t you come
to me until now?</b> Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai <b>said to him:</b> As for <b>what
you said</b> about yourself: <b>I am not a king,</b> <span dir="RTL" lang="HE"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><span dir="LTR"></span><span dir="LTR"></span>56b<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">אִיבְרָא מַלְכָּא
אַתְּ; דְּאִי לָאו מַלְכָּא אַתְּ לָא מִימַּסְרָא יְרוּשָׁלַיִם בִּידָךְ,
דִּכְתִיב: ״וְהַלְּבָנוֹן בְּאַדִּיר יִפּוֹל״ – וְאֵין ״אַדִּיר״ אֶלָּא מֶלֶךְ,
דִּכְתִיב: ״וְהָיָה אַדִּירוֹ מִמֶּנּוּ וְגוֹ׳״; וְאֵין ״לְבָנוֹן״ אֶלָּא בֵּית
הַמִּקְדָּשׁ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״הָהָר הַטּוֹב הַזֶּה וְהַלְּבָנוֹן״.
וּדְקָאָמְרַתְּ: אִי מַלְכָּא אֲנָא, אַמַּאי לָא קָאָתֵית לְגַבַּאי עַד
הָאִידָּנָא – בִּרְיוֹנֵי דְּאִית בַּן לָא שָׁבְקִינַן. </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">in truth, you are a
king,</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"> if not now, then in the future. <b>As if you are not a king, Jerusalem
will not be handed over into your hand, as it is written: “And the Lebanon
shall fall by a mighty one”</b> (Isaiah 10:34). <b>And “mighty one”</b> means <b>only
a king, as it is written: “And their mighty one shall be of themselves,</b> and
their ruler shall proceed from the midst of them” (Jeremiah 30:21), indicating
that “mighty one” parallels “ruler.” <b>And “Lebanon”</b> means <b>only the
Temple, as it is stated: “That good mountain and the Lebanon”</b> (Deuteronomy
3:25). <b>And</b> as for <b>what you said</b> with your second comment: <b>If I
am a king why didn’t you come to me until now, there are zealots among us</b>
who <b>did not allow us</b> to do this. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">אֲמַר לֵיהּ: אִילּוּ
חָבִית שֶׁל דְּבַשׁ וּדְרָקוֹן כָּרוּךְ עָלֶיהָ, לֹא הָיוּ שׁוֹבְרִין אֶת
הֶחָבִית בִּשְׁבִיל דְּרָקוֹן? אִישְׁתִּיק. קָרֵי עֲלֵיהּ רַב יוֹסֵף,
וְאִיתֵּימָא רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא: ״מֵשִׁיב חֲכָמִים אָחוֹר וְדַעְתָּם יְסַכֵּל״,
אִיבְּעִי לֵיהּ לְמֵימַר לֵיהּ: שָׁקְלִינַן צְבָתָא וְשָׁקְלִינַן לֵיהּ
לִדְרָקוֹן וְקָטְלִינַן לֵיהּ, וְחָבִיתָא שָׁבְקִינַן לַהּ. </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Understanding that
Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai was prepared to ask him not to destroy the Temple,
Vespasian <b>said to him: If</b> there is <b>a barrel of honey and a snake [<i>derakon</i>]
is wrapped around it, wouldn’t they break the barrel in order to</b> kill <b>the
snake?</b> In similar fashion, I am forced to destroy the city of Jerusalem in
order to kill the zealots barricaded within it. Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai <b>was
silent</b> and did not answer. In light of this, <b>Rav Yosef</b> later <b>read</b>
the following verse <b>about him, and some say</b> that it was <b>Rabbi Akiva</b>
who applied the verse to Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai: “I am the Lord…<b>Who turns
wise men backward and makes their knowledge foolish”</b> (Isaiah 44:25). As
Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai <b>should have said</b> the following <b>to</b>
Vespasian in response: In such a case, <b>we take tongs, remove the snake, and
kill it, and</b> in this way <b>we leave the barrel</b> intact. So too, you
should kill the rebels and leave the city as it is. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">אֲמַר לֵיהּ: מֵיזָל
אָזֵילְנָא, וְאִינָשׁ אַחֲרִינָא מְשַׁדַּרְנָא; אֶלָּא בָּעֵי מִינַּאי מִידֵּי
דְּאֶתֵּן לָךְ. אֲמַר לֵיהּ: תֵּן לִי יַבְנֶה וַחֲכָמֶיהָ, וְשׁוּשִׁילְתָּא
דְּרַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל, וְאָסְווֹתָא דְּמַסַּיִין לֵיהּ לְרַבִּי צָדוֹק. קָרֵי
עֲלֵיהּ רַב יוֹסֵף, וְאִיתֵּימָא רַבִּי עֲקִיבָא: ״מֵשִׁיב חֲכָמִים אָחוֹר
וְדַעְתָּם יְסַכֵּל״, אִיבְּעִי לְמֵימַר לֵיהּ: לִשְׁבְּקִינְהוּ הָדָא
זִימְנָא. </span><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" dir="RTL" style="direction: rtl; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: right; unicode-bidi: embed;"><span dir="LTR" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">Vespasian then <b>said
to</b> Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai: <b>I will be going</b> to Rome to accept my
new position, <b>and I will send someone else</b> in my place to continue
besieging the city and waging war against it. <b>But</b> before I leave, <b>ask
something of me that I</b> can <b>give you.</b> Rabban Yoḥanan ben Zakkai <b>said
to him: Give me Yavne and its Sages</b> and do not destroy it, <b>and</b> spare
<b>the dynasty of Rabban Gamliel</b> and do not kill them as if they were
rebels, <b>and</b> lastly give me <b>doctors to heal Rabbi Tzadok. <o:p></o:p></b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">[At Yavenh, Rabbi
Yochanan and his students instituted major enactments that kept the Jewish
people together. Finalization of the accepted Books of the Bibke, the
formalization of the Amidah prayer replacing sacrifice with a structure that
would unify Jews around the world.]<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">We are concerned
about Israel, in which one side can not speak a good word to the other side, in
which top air force reserve pilots refuse to show up for reserves duty.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">We are concerned for
a US in which people can not speak a good word to each other without getting
into a political bind.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">I know, from my own
sad experience of this congregations history, when board members uttered curses
against each other, and all that I had started to do, in bringing life back
into the community 30 years ago, popped like a balloon that has been stuck by
pin.<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;">I pray that wisdom
and patience prevail!<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in;"><span dir="RTL" lang="HE" style="font-family: "Times New Roman",serif; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-51891015151059271152023-07-09T17:25:00.003-07:002023-07-09T17:25:39.244-07:00The Russians Are Coming! Conclusion of American Jewish Heritage Series<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Part 5 American
Jewish Heritage<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Russians
Are Coming!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> Discussion Part 1- July 1 Video:<a href="https://youtu.be/8mC7izfYP_s" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/8mC7izfYP_s</a></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Discussion Pat II- Jully 8 Video: <a href="https://youtu.be/JTPCx-kMQTU" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/JTPCx-kMQTU</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Tongue in
cheek- title”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Russians Are Coming!"<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">You may remember the movie with Alan Arkin( who
just passed away) & Theodore Bikel.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>From the
1880’s to 1920’s ,huge wave of migration, from Eastern Europe ( but from other
parts of the Jewish world also). Would begin at the bottom of the barrel to
shape America into the “American Century”- creating new categories of
industry-film and media—new categories of culture-Tin Pan Alley-Vaudeville-to
Broadway- to Berlin, Gershwin Bernstein- and leaders of American finance,
advisors, Justices and Senators, shapers of the literary and Academic world <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">As I mentioned earlier, the new America started
with 3000 Jews, and with the German wave, grew to 150,000 Jews.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In but a few decades, 2,400,000 moved to the US
in this time period. What spurred it on?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 0in; mso-add-space: auto;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">At the end of
the 18th century , three major European powers carved up the Kingdom of Poland.
The very fortunate ones were in Silesia, the western part of Poland that came
under Prussia, the future German empire ( Some parts had already been taken
over a few decades earlier) . Next in luck were those in the realms under the
Austro Hungarian empire which took over southeastern Poland, Galicia, also
encompassed the Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, and the Balkans. Both regimes
gradually extended civil rights to Jews.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The least
fortunate would be the ones of Poland proper and the Ukraine as well as the
Baltic states. They would come under the control of Tsarist Russia. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVlqHjq4m_YzfYJyuqzOuHz-Nbitc2XSfgFNWEGzXJg4AgXj4lnA5Ob7IBSxDKVPZgeSkApYIFTem1h7WEXXgFmcSsTKKDMpZezGAqwruWUfFwoF-3Vnup91AB843WWMmC32g3jQwKdQvmhbvQkccWmwztzJqmukwpOBXknPc4kpbADJ0xASQGdfOKTH9h/s446/Partition%20POland.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="367" data-original-width="446" height="526" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiVlqHjq4m_YzfYJyuqzOuHz-Nbitc2XSfgFNWEGzXJg4AgXj4lnA5Ob7IBSxDKVPZgeSkApYIFTem1h7WEXXgFmcSsTKKDMpZezGAqwruWUfFwoF-3Vnup91AB843WWMmC32g3jQwKdQvmhbvQkccWmwztzJqmukwpOBXknPc4kpbADJ0xASQGdfOKTH9h/w640-h526/Partition%20POland.png" width="640" /></a></div><br />(Wikipedia)<o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Kievan and
Muscovite Russia had relatively few Jews for centuries, but suddenly found
itself with a gigantic Jewish population. It policies went back and forth from
grudging tolerance to attempts at eradication. This would include drafting of
Jewish youth, as young as 8 or 9 even, into the Russian army for 25 year
service with the expectation that they would die off or at best assimilate to
Russian orthodox Christianity. It affected an estimated 25,000 to 70,000
draftees and forced Jews to betray each other to make the required quota.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Also,
restricting the right of Jews to settle beyond the “ Pale”,those territories
that had just been swallowed up and a few regions to the east where they were grudgingly
allowed to settled.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv6BrCkA2Gva9-A0RLsVRqz9EsVgpBtWcwzSpHdZZzL105UAlAQwkxqVv57SOvuPMYVf2JXTnf9qQ3uDBAJDmkMOSXc46TQS_jgNZV_QTUURaWoTkEcgmBbjxEmDqqfZLRMMZV5VLhrriTYACADNwCJpmlzbpLoYKlu6FyvYPP0SxGtVRNI8pl9bPHrhit/s1230/PaleofSettlements.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1230" data-original-width="1036" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjv6BrCkA2Gva9-A0RLsVRqz9EsVgpBtWcwzSpHdZZzL105UAlAQwkxqVv57SOvuPMYVf2JXTnf9qQ3uDBAJDmkMOSXc46TQS_jgNZV_QTUURaWoTkEcgmBbjxEmDqqfZLRMMZV5VLhrriTYACADNwCJpmlzbpLoYKlu6FyvYPP0SxGtVRNI8pl9bPHrhit/w541-h640/PaleofSettlements.png" width="541" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">(Wikipedia)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>There was a period of liberalization for
Russia in general under Tsar Alexander II, such as when the Russian serfs,
essentially slaves, were granted their Emancipation, freedom, around the same
time that slaves in the US were emancipated. However in 1881 tzar Alexander was
assassinated by revolutionaries.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This led to a
wave of repression and the need to find scapegoats. Jews were the perfect
scapegoats. Thus one of the major policymakers of that period, Nikolas
Pobedonostsev, pushed the idea,” one third of Jews die out, one third, move
out, and one third dissolve into the masses.” Indeed, within 50 years, that is
what had happened,! <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">There were increasingly
oppressive moves against Jews, as well as the terrible three day pogrom against
Jews in Kiev. The pogroms and other actions against Jews were carried out by
reactionaries, but they were also encouraged by the revolutionaries, Narodnya
Volya,in the illusion that it would spur the proletariat into open revolution. For
Jews, there were three routes available: aligning with the revolutionaries in
an attempt to create the worker’s paradise ( Trotsky, Ziniviev, Kaminev); the
route of Jewish nationalism in the land of Israel, as in BILU and later,
political and cultural Zionism; the route of Ellis Island ( and Argentina and
South Africa as well). The later proved the most immediately doable.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Fortunately for
our fellow Jews, and other immigrants, that period coincided with the growth of
American industrial power. The new world power needed workers to fuel the
factories and provide the goods that underpinned its sudden burst upon the
world scene.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">It may have
been the Statute of Liberty and Emma Lazarus famous poem that gave a warm
feeling of acceptance:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249); color: #202122; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> "Give me your tired, your poor,</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #202122; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br />
<span style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249);">Your huddled masses yearning to breathe free,</span><br />
<span style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249);">The wretched refuse of your teeming shore.</span><br />
<span style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249);">Send these, the homeless, tempest-tost to me,</span><br />
<span style="background: rgb(249, 249, 249);">I lift my lamp beside the golden door!"<sup>
<o:p></o:p></sup></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">But it would be
the new American capitalist system that made immigration a necessity, not a
luxury. The Irish, English & German would be brought it, then the Italians,
the Jews, the Poles, the Lebanese, Chinese and Japanese, somewhere over 35
million in those years! All competing to make it. Add to this, internal
migration of African Americans to northern cities at this same time. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">So who are the
Jews that came to <u>die goldene Medina</u>, a country where it was told, the
streets were paved with gold.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Because Eastern
Europe, under the Tsars especially, had been cut off culturally from Western
Europe, the enlightenment that had caught hold of Jews in western and central
Europe was slow in getting into Eastern Europe. Thus the western ideals of a
secular and practical education were just beginning to take effect in Eastern
Europe. As a result, most of these immigrants had much poorer general
background and education than the Jews that came before them, whether Sephardi
or German. Their skills were limited, although they brought some experience as
merchants and shopkeepers, as well as crafts, such as tailoring. They did have
to their advantage to a great extent a traditional Jewish education which
included literacy Yiddish literacy, some Hebrew literacy, and some skills in
analytic reasoning that they may have picked up in cheder. That was already
more than what other immigrants from Europe brought with them. All is relative.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The great
rabbis, the educated elites , did not come to America. To them, it was a <u>treife
medina</u>, not <u>goldene</u> ,but <u>treife</u>. They rightly feared that
they would lose their souls in the transition. The few leading Rabbis of the
Orthodox world that came here quickly turned around and headed back.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Indeed at the
beginning, for many Jews the transition to America was devastating. It is never
pleasant to be an immigrant even with the Statue of Liberty welcoming you.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Here are the
words of a contemporary of that period , Marcus Ravage.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“ With every
day that passed I became more and more overwhelmed at the degeneration of my
fellow in his new home,.”<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[Note: Photos of slum life in 19th and 20th century New York taken from video compliation https://youtu.be/Ye2npPwH8jg .The originals were taken by journalist Jacob Riis in his work, How the Other Half LIves,whch shocked the proper middle and upper classes and prompted them to institute services to alleviate these conditions.]</span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7KbaLm5h0spi6kkj2u84AVV3SbqFe4RbzqdVZNorwGZmQd3OwJIm9mZYJBW8OB2aEhp8b0Z7tJEYIsAUsgB4IGR9gyc1iCx4d2QdE6zYpnzM4fmi0xkFcOHA_XN-Jm6aZT_foPxPYBH6la3slkkzpygRLDrCNugm6JQVKQOuCncFXrlIcTNM58z3acucK/s1920/can%20you%20spare%20a%20dime.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7KbaLm5h0spi6kkj2u84AVV3SbqFe4RbzqdVZNorwGZmQd3OwJIm9mZYJBW8OB2aEhp8b0Z7tJEYIsAUsgB4IGR9gyc1iCx4d2QdE6zYpnzM4fmi0xkFcOHA_XN-Jm6aZT_foPxPYBH6la3slkkzpygRLDrCNugm6JQVKQOuCncFXrlIcTNM58z3acucK/w640-h360/can%20you%20spare%20a%20dime.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWeRCI6Z0dxol-msfutsxhZqgxbxNWZCKW8H9y1J3HbwJyVuSZpJyGOkrORTnqauZVpXF3g_DYwsrQ22vZBNs5aMuV8r8XmQNAdJ4wXXTKiyjCukABcZVtBmdAUj9uhoyuQlB7lZgfXjenMIhSBj2KKBaaqXpezWkvsuFQYYC2MZycXZIMbXG_4ry8U0yr/s1920/asleep%20in%20homeless%20shelter.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWeRCI6Z0dxol-msfutsxhZqgxbxNWZCKW8H9y1J3HbwJyVuSZpJyGOkrORTnqauZVpXF3g_DYwsrQ22vZBNs5aMuV8r8XmQNAdJ4wXXTKiyjCukABcZVtBmdAUj9uhoyuQlB7lZgfXjenMIhSBj2KKBaaqXpezWkvsuFQYYC2MZycXZIMbXG_4ry8U0yr/w640-h360/asleep%20in%20homeless%20shelter.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">They were often
lost souls , <u>verlorene menschen</u>, and thus a common slogan was playing on
the words of the Talmud, “Akabiah ben Charlie said,” consider three things and
you'll be able to exist in America. Forget who you are, wear your mask before
those who know you, and do anything you can. “<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">They were so
poor that the New York Times of a century ago could write, in shock, that these
were not the fat, rich and jewel- bedecked people that Times readers expected
and as they knew of the settled successful German Jews. They were so poor that
a Jew in a tenement could have twice as high a chance of dying of tuberculosis
as their fellow New Yorkers and tuberculosis was called the tailor's disease a
specialty of the sweatshop workers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl5dF933EMwtW6_ZjS43p73Wq07vss6hVxToiO5mKAzIIymzUauBu0tg7jHzKZmNVTAQRl7IMv9SUO4A83Q9ipQjdgjP2q-rnIqGH8SZQK1km4QKPraAwt6dcKoIQ2UoGJQFFlUa2cGDRPwUNgIWXd2Zkma3rTsd7mia4vY4tFlkhjnyt2T_Baq-ScJO51/s474/Longevity%20of%20Jews.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="468" data-original-width="474" height="632" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhl5dF933EMwtW6_ZjS43p73Wq07vss6hVxToiO5mKAzIIymzUauBu0tg7jHzKZmNVTAQRl7IMv9SUO4A83Q9ipQjdgjP2q-rnIqGH8SZQK1km4QKPraAwt6dcKoIQ2UoGJQFFlUa2cGDRPwUNgIWXd2Zkma3rTsd7mia4vY4tFlkhjnyt2T_Baq-ScJO51/w640-h632/Longevity%20of%20Jews.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /> LONGEVITY OF JEWS.<o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://www.deepdyve.com/browse/journals/0098-7484"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">JAMA</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> , Volume XLIV (3) – Jan
21, 1905 ( Paresis- a psychosis associated with syphilis)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOfY8T-TeaJQWupOI3gwGOvaLtd63sDyxURPtCBKduX3b9wsuWoX6mMSP0F3GEFecUAwqFOzVl51sbu4ys5e_u-4DC1hJDJJJUjylGS6hczppTArQr69NgtDvzvrUGUNT5JhTbfnuu2gn12Ioqqt5SE7ygcuOQcHoDyLV-t4LXMuH6b-IpO3iJ3k2vgGDh/s1920/children%20play%20near%20dead%20horse.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOfY8T-TeaJQWupOI3gwGOvaLtd63sDyxURPtCBKduX3b9wsuWoX6mMSP0F3GEFecUAwqFOzVl51sbu4ys5e_u-4DC1hJDJJJUjylGS6hczppTArQr69NgtDvzvrUGUNT5JhTbfnuu2gn12Ioqqt5SE7ygcuOQcHoDyLV-t4LXMuH6b-IpO3iJ3k2vgGDh/w640-h360/children%20play%20near%20dead%20horse.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">So here's the
description of home life for the new immigrants in that period. A typical flat
two room apartment on Allen street in New York held two parents, six children,
6 borders. in one case ,the father was a Cantor so the flat was also synagogue
on Saturday mornings. During the week ,it was a workshop for the two dressmaker
daughters and shoe repair shop for the cobbler who is one of the borders. As
the border described it “the Cantor rehearses, the tram passes, by the
Shoemaker bangs, ten brats run like goats, the wife putters in the kosher
restaurant and at night we tried to sleep in the two rooms.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">There were even
such jaundiced stories in the Yiddish press as follows. A Lithuanian Jew
marries a girl for her money. At 1:00 o'clock they are married. In the evening
two roomkers, little rooms are rented. On the following day furniture is purchased
and in the evening the couple already have three borders and three borderkes (female).
On the third day the husband goes back to work and the wife runs off with one
of the borders.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzCxbbJ15qJV9AF0NFKjqbWzVMqGJjn8S4JHRGQCn9knc-bDF3OIzpeX7EfHMf2EkpDDsPts8TDapgZZigMTc_Z27yckhhdsCQkexdbdoGQYvykoN1BVqM41m_pBW8YDKUrED3E889BTAM-HAAJrrWnsdrg7OZcwU-EEWBXoo8SOcJdazlNGMToqoI284_/s1920/A%20tenement%20building.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzCxbbJ15qJV9AF0NFKjqbWzVMqGJjn8S4JHRGQCn9knc-bDF3OIzpeX7EfHMf2EkpDDsPts8TDapgZZigMTc_Z27yckhhdsCQkexdbdoGQYvykoN1BVqM41m_pBW8YDKUrED3E889BTAM-HAAJrrWnsdrg7OZcwU-EEWBXoo8SOcJdazlNGMToqoI284_/w640-h360/A%20tenement%20building.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiayc0AhE31ldswkOVk8KZIHkMKAYG6rkMrUKYjXl3kKkV-HLFBTGVCOorjnLktAdAq9FEq9vqv-18dCPoeeLEBDSwKMT1eEp7gAReaB3itPGFcTKni29zScwLd0ni2T6lZXbR58PlhqLO5bkD28zB3lBPczZM05t9DJEOuo4OD_ldBYNXhI2lsHz98xqLJ/s1920/home%20and%20cigar%20factory.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiayc0AhE31ldswkOVk8KZIHkMKAYG6rkMrUKYjXl3kKkV-HLFBTGVCOorjnLktAdAq9FEq9vqv-18dCPoeeLEBDSwKMT1eEp7gAReaB3itPGFcTKni29zScwLd0ni2T6lZXbR58PlhqLO5bkD28zB3lBPczZM05t9DJEOuo4OD_ldBYNXhI2lsHz98xqLJ/w640-h360/home%20and%20cigar%20factory.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEdTn_GLC6nofDdKxlLjFg1pT2Z_QXyupmIzJlx_eC4qjCDhH9GcXFGs7mxtXyFRddaztF6FZa2Y0AJ2mFGXZBZ03E4aWJ5BOW0NfQRhIKc61e_v6kC-dp63A68SsUSSbyHtZ7cG_HTWMJ9KNXi3YO5clZh3NxwhjJ5bPLgWWvewonRMq6ZzXkn7usuyIQ/s1920/poor%20apartment.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgEdTn_GLC6nofDdKxlLjFg1pT2Z_QXyupmIzJlx_eC4qjCDhH9GcXFGs7mxtXyFRddaztF6FZa2Y0AJ2mFGXZBZ03E4aWJ5BOW0NfQRhIKc61e_v6kC-dp63A68SsUSSbyHtZ7cG_HTWMJ9KNXi3YO5clZh3NxwhjJ5bPLgWWvewonRMq6ZzXkn7usuyIQ/w640-h360/poor%20apartment.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkiJ-rimQo4oxLrh81PoYHktS7E6Npe0iCwUmV3IWqCPZFznANjqn24Jdv6HCBybfsMEwFondgR0ahj-IJW2g4o9R0cvBFVREknYp7JQn73UXtTSrizzGZfmaunYV-6fF25QSrC5m-9rkLAlTzBlHX1qgiyHi8hka7_1_4Aa31Vv_VsDT_yI7RvEEAUMTV/s1920/tenement%20apartment.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkiJ-rimQo4oxLrh81PoYHktS7E6Npe0iCwUmV3IWqCPZFznANjqn24Jdv6HCBybfsMEwFondgR0ahj-IJW2g4o9R0cvBFVREknYp7JQn73UXtTSrizzGZfmaunYV-6fF25QSrC5m-9rkLAlTzBlHX1qgiyHi8hka7_1_4Aa31Vv_VsDT_yI7RvEEAUMTV/w640-h360/tenement%20apartment.png" width="640" /></a></div><br />
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">We have to
recognize that this funny story reflects the tragic reality. The American
experience had a tremendously demoralizing effect on the new Jewish communities
in those years -There was crime, wife desertion, juvenile delinquency,
gangsterism, and yes even “loose women” on Allen St., Houston, or Delancey,
plying their trade, even at the steps of the synagogue. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As the Forwert, ( Forward) the Yiddish paper
of note of the period would describe, in the windows of some shops you could
see human flesh instead of shoes. There were so-called “dancing academies”
advertised in the Yiddish papers and the muckraking journalists of the period
were excited to find evidence of a white slave trade run by Jews.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal">Famous biography of the period: A House Is Not a Home <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>by “the Madame”,<a href="https://www.goodreads.com/author/show/736327.Polly_Adler">Polly Adler</a>,
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white;"><span class="formatted"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1e1915;">Polly Adler's
"house"―the brothel that gave this best-selling 1953 autobiography
its title―was a major site of New York City underworld activity from the 1920s
through the 1940s. Adler's notorious Lexington Avenue house of prostitution
functioned as a sort of social club for New York's gangsters and a variety of
other celebrities, including Robert Benchley and his friend Dorothy Parker.
According to one New York tabloid, it made Adler's name "synonymous with
sin."( Description on Goodreads.com)</span></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #1e1915;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We know of course that there was also a Jewish
mafia, with names like Joseph Klein or Charlie Jacobowitz , good Jewish names,
later a Bugsy Siegel, a Meyer Lansky, founders of Murder, inc, which was an
example of cooperation<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>across ethnic
lines—Jews and Italians ( Note- I officiated at the funeral of the
attorney<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>that served them as well as Al
Capone. As a Rabbi, you get to meet many interesting characters, such as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the son of an early competitor of Al Capone,
a figure in the Israeli Mafia, and the Russian( real Russian) Mafia.). The
smart ones knew to get out of the business in time—like the father of a member
of a previous congregation who tried to go head to head against Capone,
realized it was a dead end game, and turned to legitimate ventures, building a
successful scrap metal business.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[PS- it
was<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>HTBE’s very own Edward G Robinson
who played the Capone-like character, L’il Ceasar </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAHWTrxe1GVbZ5OP7pdd-Ui_kHPDvknUQx0fEj4fN9N9u-QvBZwe3Arv5kHdmgy5R-eK3OnrMjNZQ9wPbg_NcUlA8P7oR3i3bXuo6bZkoXB9UfZmX-TGUjU5H0HjhTal05hp7kB7MvCOynqQfGeTpuDdU8wwvhs37NktqiQ_KiQvitv5RIf_OyUwG76DvN/s645/Little_Caesar_(1931_film_poster_-_Style_A).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="645" data-original-width="440" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjAHWTrxe1GVbZ5OP7pdd-Ui_kHPDvknUQx0fEj4fN9N9u-QvBZwe3Arv5kHdmgy5R-eK3OnrMjNZQ9wPbg_NcUlA8P7oR3i3bXuo6bZkoXB9UfZmX-TGUjU5H0HjhTal05hp7kB7MvCOynqQfGeTpuDdU8wwvhs37NktqiQ_KiQvitv5RIf_OyUwG76DvN/w436-h640/Little_Caesar_(1931_film_poster_-_Style_A).jpg" width="436" /></a></div><br /><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">]<o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Or- our very
own John Factor, aka Jake the Barber, who was a master-mind finagler, the owner
of the Stardust Casino in Vegas, who later on cleaned his reputation with a
very big donation to JFK ( paying for the Bay of Pigs invasion), paid for the
building that is now Neman Hall—and was also a generous developer of churches,
gyms, and parks for LA’s impoverished black neighborhoods.</span> (<a href="https://www.myfamilybusiness.org/familytrees/factor/johnjacobfactor_articles.htm"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">https://www.myfamilybusiness.org/familytrees/factor/johnjacobfactor_articles.htm</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtYeaMv4uSFpJRYcKSS0jJlVmyrft-OrvNAU8Sw4mPyhCCxmhsHGB1eYdT1kLq9J5orxMWYzUZI48xqNDoH-7eMAcBXxWNSAnZsVv-LDm0PyljvmXis23CSD5C0gXLO3hwj18Af1Wzwl6GDkfjRIEfhx6l5jndp6fbHNkCNd31q5oll_NA_gmFfNyasA0H/s1920/gangsters.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtYeaMv4uSFpJRYcKSS0jJlVmyrft-OrvNAU8Sw4mPyhCCxmhsHGB1eYdT1kLq9J5orxMWYzUZI48xqNDoH-7eMAcBXxWNSAnZsVv-LDm0PyljvmXis23CSD5C0gXLO3hwj18Af1Wzwl6GDkfjRIEfhx6l5jndp6fbHNkCNd31q5oll_NA_gmFfNyasA0H/w640-h360/gangsters.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Slum living
breeds juvenile delinquency. Jews were no exception. In 1906 ,as much as 30% of
all children in juvenile court were Jewish. As the Yiddish press phrased it,
home life was unbearable and escaping such home life, the delinquent could
enter more sophisticated crimes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqlniskgJ1ulpQEkN5pAlqYLquEZmaqjHNcmyEWYhsvFmsoC4OAvJY2_6GZZ5BiShks5J-uzNlwyvC98qHt7yffOlOrnLA8oeMGC7_kRrOCD7G7mSfsGEyPFMy5xwHCgmOxkfDCA_XJnV8Bfu3Am9xRsQRdmRY9Vk0ZSrwHtqI18CBvlHK__muJBYMbQY7/s1920/street%20urchins.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqlniskgJ1ulpQEkN5pAlqYLquEZmaqjHNcmyEWYhsvFmsoC4OAvJY2_6GZZ5BiShks5J-uzNlwyvC98qHt7yffOlOrnLA8oeMGC7_kRrOCD7G7mSfsGEyPFMy5xwHCgmOxkfDCA_XJnV8Bfu3Am9xRsQRdmRY9Vk0ZSrwHtqI18CBvlHK__muJBYMbQY7/w640-h360/street%20urchins.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqRwcCziB1Ba2Pd71fZBf-9Ql2CO1h5KoG7LgssVspTidbyZ49_pLmqPMGpsfkOnl5-Uf_A0eiWvykGCa8Pf7Dv37VaxX-0uFdn-dYvfTl61jvsu-5eg9bXYNMj_4vc5lQY1ijvSHAZ3PVt6iSVW5RLRwsPG_XIP-coM3vAlzIQM2eRSBt71LQD8Hpxkax/s1920/Boys%20rob%20in%20Hells%20Kitchen.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiqRwcCziB1Ba2Pd71fZBf-9Ql2CO1h5KoG7LgssVspTidbyZ49_pLmqPMGpsfkOnl5-Uf_A0eiWvykGCa8Pf7Dv37VaxX-0uFdn-dYvfTl61jvsu-5eg9bXYNMj_4vc5lQY1ijvSHAZ3PVt6iSVW5RLRwsPG_XIP-coM3vAlzIQM2eRSBt71LQD8Hpxkax/w640-h360/Boys%20rob%20in%20Hells%20Kitchen.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Take an example from an Arnold Rothstein who
fixed the 1919 World Series( </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> "transformed
organized crime from a thuggish activity by </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoodlum" title="Hoodlum"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #3366cc; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">hoodlums</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 150%;"> into a big business run like a
corporation"-Leo Katcher The Big Corporation),</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Rothstein#cite_note-Katcher-1"><sup><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #3366cc; font-size: 8.5pt; line-height: 150%; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">[</span></sup></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> and Isaac Zucker who ran a Jewish arson ring. Jewish youth could
attend an Academy for crooks run by mother Mandelbaum ,a school for burglary,
safecracking blackmail ,and confidence schemes.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Most Jews were
able to steer clear of this life of gangsterism and crime but the new American
civilization took its toll certainly on their Jewishness, their Jewish
traditions. My father told me of the legend that deep under Ellis Island lay hundreds
and hundreds of tefillin that Jews threw overboard as they realized that this
was a country where they no longer had to be bound literally by tefillin or
figuratively by Jewish obligations. It is an exaggeration, but life in this new
country did put an end to a lot of devotion that Jews had brought with them.
Keep in mind these were not the ultra orthodox that came here, not the most
observant, but certainly they had been brought up in Jewish tradition.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcxY23Ys_AxrMwRcw2rw0jI7koTiIKwTjCkc33HWY7zzgIx0OrO5tR81mAUFlncGlVQIsUMxrm5lunLAqt-HQlI5c1Y5SWSII5TlEAWeD9PR7C1bmmK7b7lmqJZ2YD1ZH880cMVu1KkFi50amAMvAaiglnlkBLc6TKCsXxg2CjRRtt6qUD2D0YO5rjjSo9/s1920/buying%20matzah.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjcxY23Ys_AxrMwRcw2rw0jI7koTiIKwTjCkc33HWY7zzgIx0OrO5tR81mAUFlncGlVQIsUMxrm5lunLAqt-HQlI5c1Y5SWSII5TlEAWeD9PR7C1bmmK7b7lmqJZ2YD1ZH880cMVu1KkFi50amAMvAaiglnlkBLc6TKCsXxg2CjRRtt6qUD2D0YO5rjjSo9/w640-h360/buying%20matzah.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The new world
did its job on them. One of the great classics of this period was <u>The Rise</u>
<u>of David Levinsky</u> by the founder of the Forward Yiddish newspaper, Abraham
Kahan who described in great literary detail how a promising yeshiva student
succumbed to the temptations of American life.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">So how was it
that the children and grandchildren of the “ Greenhorns” were able to climb out
of their mud.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">You do what
Jews in time of poverty did- Luftgescheft—You made business out of air, out of
whatever came to hand.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Here was a case
that I knew of personally:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">My father led a
congregation one time in a small town in the heart of West Virginia. There was
a Bar Mitzvah for a child that came<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>from
a town even more isolated, an hour’s drive away. The grandfather came for the
service and was astonished to find a familiar face on the Bimah- the President
of the congregation. “ I remember him—I had him thrown in jail many years ago!”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The grandfather
in this case had been the mayor, judge , and police of this small town, all
wrapped in one. The President had come as a poor immigrant from Lithuania and
had been peddling door to door—but it was illegal to do so in that small town
without a license, Hence, the night in jail.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">From peddling,
this “greenhorn” had managed to start a scrap metal yard and by the time I was there,
had become what Jews would say,” Comfortable”. So comfortable, that a major
Jewish philanthropy sent it’s top operator, an old friend of my father’s, who
had been the special advisor for Jewish affairs to the American military
government over West Germany, to this isolated town to ask for a major donation
to build a school in Israel.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjaGI7WqkaRxKYvwGchyU5oxv1aom7xQJTznjE0Kpndv02P2LM2uokPeOxcignF2Ot2YPq1eSGQ-v823oKcBbJxxCpH2PiWUo6KFKadCYfHyX9eOEwF_nieziVvwwwNtCMA8gOt8_Shkzj3YRZjS_8j9ym5YXimvZKBwb0ISlS3ikzJzSOfJsaNZDpRDCa/s1920/feed%20vendor%20on%20the%20street.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjaGI7WqkaRxKYvwGchyU5oxv1aom7xQJTznjE0Kpndv02P2LM2uokPeOxcignF2Ot2YPq1eSGQ-v823oKcBbJxxCpH2PiWUo6KFKadCYfHyX9eOEwF_nieziVvwwwNtCMA8gOt8_Shkzj3YRZjS_8j9ym5YXimvZKBwb0ISlS3ikzJzSOfJsaNZDpRDCa/w640-h360/feed%20vendor%20on%20the%20street.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8k85CHgMlbsufpHfdNLA-suP61uypoxRcMCX2ctzvvFiB1xdcZvVSWU7Mj266wT1p-fxG3cXqumTlKIjW8xiECjriEi-hiouMGYiA5IjwygRPRz3fhCELarVwITvu807UgSweVPmMNEedZkEF30UzUsQjx-1UttLR524hpLS6Ob9gbg2Yf7R5HvTHfIRu/s1920/street%20peddler.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8k85CHgMlbsufpHfdNLA-suP61uypoxRcMCX2ctzvvFiB1xdcZvVSWU7Mj266wT1p-fxG3cXqumTlKIjW8xiECjriEi-hiouMGYiA5IjwygRPRz3fhCELarVwITvu807UgSweVPmMNEedZkEF30UzUsQjx-1UttLR524hpLS6Ob9gbg2Yf7R5HvTHfIRu/w640-h360/street%20peddler.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6E3b7PYdSKiWSq4iWFqhaYev0OBewU79irlGz47wVN3FAJ06ApJDGLST1oxlCR3HMA69IyRU0ywzULSx88pzjOgbdwoTM2owCMVFiUyNTXv4yC045aZQtvhwJJiRMyOKMV6JrseRls5SRs4MEsE_c0WmgCxlWa6RfEq9qLB8RZDddMz_c5XqR3Nfp2_z4/s1920/sweatshop.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6E3b7PYdSKiWSq4iWFqhaYev0OBewU79irlGz47wVN3FAJ06ApJDGLST1oxlCR3HMA69IyRU0ywzULSx88pzjOgbdwoTM2owCMVFiUyNTXv4yC045aZQtvhwJJiRMyOKMV6JrseRls5SRs4MEsE_c0WmgCxlWa6RfEq9qLB8RZDddMz_c5XqR3Nfp2_z4/w640-h360/sweatshop.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">You used your
skills from the old world as a “shneider”, a tailor. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">They did have a
reading skill, even if in Yiddish , which enabled them to learn the new ways of
life in America, via vehicles such as the very popular Yiddish newspaper, Der
Vorwerts, edited by Abraham Cahan. Here, a “greenhorn” learned what it meant to
become a “ yankee”.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The daily
column, A Bintel Brif”, was a source of information to guide them in this new
world. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Furthermore, as
the slogan of the Forward stated: Arbeiter fun allen lender, vereinigten sich-
Marx’s slogan, “Workers of all lands, unite”. It served as<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the voice of poor workers organizing and gaining
the upper hand against oppressive employers in the early years of unionization.
In this, Jews , such as Samuel Gompers, led. He went from cigar maker to head
of Cigar Maker’s Union to founder of AFL ( later to merge with CIO) ( by the
way Union, yes, socialism, no, which remained true of American labor movements
over the decades—American unions decided not to kill the goose that lay the
golden egg, but to get a bigger piece of the egg).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3xfyAugxYOve-xNAhXadw58AN8owzLp_0iOYMxzl0HaghDq2BU5gUS6mGvo4exRwBkWRRSCmZQ0K8-AKAZ92Y-aPXBDrUGDDuAnVY1vrDSb501Lz9ey3fDfRtFTXOrKqiK_ehUdZ0D1WFma1pz4WBq4IGKr_D3Hg0Q1lr1py3fKWjWMOIQhT8YuOh0QBr/s1920/Child%20labor%20protesters.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1080" data-original-width="1920" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg3xfyAugxYOve-xNAhXadw58AN8owzLp_0iOYMxzl0HaghDq2BU5gUS6mGvo4exRwBkWRRSCmZQ0K8-AKAZ92Y-aPXBDrUGDDuAnVY1vrDSb501Lz9ey3fDfRtFTXOrKqiK_ehUdZ0D1WFma1pz4WBq4IGKr_D3Hg0Q1lr1py3fKWjWMOIQhT8YuOh0QBr/w640-h360/Child%20labor%20protesters.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd57fhuCbwL8Q2FvuTb9wp2LatrqIXh0zMOhrX5MuNpl5AnQkBjbT8i7zFPnFfhv6PRnlSsVxX1RAJj-0E__a9WNw0RI5KOTrnqA1L6DT300BsCLuO3ts93LVtookgWVFjbpfDmSivUIaVxIrqpuEXMI4SVql9Zxxwll4iAV0GF2wvmZcr2h9EsIqFsfs0/s453/340px-Forward_roosevelt.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="453" data-original-width="340" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjd57fhuCbwL8Q2FvuTb9wp2LatrqIXh0zMOhrX5MuNpl5AnQkBjbT8i7zFPnFfhv6PRnlSsVxX1RAJj-0E__a9WNw0RI5KOTrnqA1L6DT300BsCLuO3ts93LVtookgWVFjbpfDmSivUIaVxIrqpuEXMI4SVql9Zxxwll4iAV0GF2wvmZcr2h9EsIqFsfs0/w480-h640/340px-Forward_roosevelt.jpg" width="480" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250); color: #202122; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This November 1,
1936, magazine section of <i>The Forward</i> illustrates its
evolution from a </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Socialism" title="Democratic Socialism"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250); color: #3366cc; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Democratic Socialist</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250); color: #202122; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> publication to a </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democracy" title="Social Democracy"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250); color: #3366cc; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Social Democratic</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250); color: #202122; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> supporter
of </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250); color: #3366cc; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Franklin D. Roosevelt</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250); color: #202122; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">'s "</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250); color: #3366cc; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">New Deal</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(248, 249, 250); color: #202122; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">"</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Then, too, it
was our fellow German Jews, who had become so successful, who were embarrassed
by their “Green” brothers and sisters. They could be an existential threat to
this well-off segment of American society. That was generally the case for many
other ethnic groups, where the ones who made it often left their less
successful counterparts to wallow in their troubles.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>However, instead of hiding from them, they
realized that the only way they could ever feel secure here, was for their “
landsmen” to move up the ladder as quickly as possible. Thus, they supported “
Settlement houses” to provide tools for advancement for the newcomers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">When I first
came to the Jewish Theological Seminary as a new student, I was surprised to
find the names of prominent donors whi helped it get started- all <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>German Reform Jews! They were among the strongest
supporters of the new Conservative Jewish Theological Seminary, because they
realized that well-educated, Americanized , Rabbis, speaking correct English, a
scholar and a gentleman, from a traditional, not Reform<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perspective, could serve to “ Americanize”
these Jews as well.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Then, there was
certainly, the still respected concept of learning for its own sake, so that
the Yiddish speaker made sure that his children mastered English and the
civilization of this new land. Thus, Jews soon flocked to higher education,
such as to City College of New York:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #575757; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“CCNY's …the 1920s and 1930s, when Jewish students took their
place in the line of immigrant communities hungering for higher education.
Known for its academic excellence as "the proletarian Harvard," and
for its student radicalism as "the little Red schoolhouse," the
college had a special meaning for an immigrant Jewish community that was
largely denied access to the elite schools of the Protestant establishment.
CCNY was a center of leftist intellectual ferment during the 1920s and 1930s, …
recalled in the memoirs of Jewish intellectuals like Irving Howe and Alfred
Kazin. Other notable alumni: jurist </span><a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/social-sciences-and-law/supreme-court-biographies/felix-frankfurter"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #00529b; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Felix Frankfurter</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #575757; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">, the
financier Bernard Baruch, the medical researcher Jonas Salk, the actor Edward
G. Robinson [HTBE President!], Mayor Edward Koch, and General Colin Powell.( He
was a Yiddish speaker, after all) ( </span><a href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/education/colleges-us/city-university-new-york"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences-and-law/education/colleges-us/city-university-new-york</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #575757; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Jews easily
stood out:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(254, 254, 254); color: #282828; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> A writer in a 1923 edition of
the <em><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Nation</span></em> (
a generally liberal-left publication ) put it bluntly: the upwardly mobile Jew
“sends his children to college a generation or two sooner than other stocks,
and as a result there are in fact more dirty Jews and tactless Jews in college
than dirty and tactless Italians, Armenians, or Slovaks.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(254, 254, 254); color: #282828; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>during the early 1900’s... According to one
observer: “At every university and college that I have visited, I have heard
ungrudging praise of the exceptional ability of the Jewish, especially of the
Russian-Jewish, students.” …One comments begrudgingly: “History is full of
examples where one race has displaced another by underliving and overworking.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: rgb(254, 254, 254); line-height: 22.5pt; margin-bottom: 22.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 22.5pt;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #282828; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Francis Russell, came from an
old-guard Protestant family and attended Boston Latin School, an elite public
high school that sent its best students to Harvard. By 1920 it had become over
half Jewish. Writes Russell:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="center" style="background: rgb(254, 254, 254); line-height: 22.5pt; margin: 0in; text-align: center;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #282828; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">My own background was middle-class,
Protestant, non-competitive, like that of most Roxbury Latin boys…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: rgb(254, 254, 254); line-height: 22.5pt; margin-bottom: 22.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 22.5pt;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #282828; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In contrast, Jews:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: rgb(254, 254, 254); line-height: 22.5pt; margin-bottom: 22.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 22.5pt;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #282828; letter-spacing: 0.25pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">worked far into each night,
their lessons next morning were letter perfect, they took obvious pride in
their academic success and talked about it. At the end of each year there were room
prizes given for excellency in each subject, and they were openly after them.
There was none of the Roxbury solidarity of pupils versus the master. If anyone
reciting made a mistake that the master overlooked, twenty hands shot into the
air to bring it to his attention.”</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(254, 254, 254); color: #282828; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><a href="https://www.commentary.org/articles/stephen-steinberg/how-jewish-quotas-began/"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(254, 254, 254); font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">https://www.commentary.org/articles/stephen-steinberg/how-jewish-quotas-began/</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(254, 254, 254); color: #282828; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(254, 254, 254); color: #282828; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Jews fought to excel, and then fought
to overcome the entrenched authorities in the major universities who feared the
drive to excel.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(254, 254, 254); color: #282828; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">That drive to excel expressed itself
then, in every aspect of the new Jew in America. Rather than allow the mire of
the slums and tenements to keep him down, he and she moved out and up with
drive and forcefulness. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(254, 254, 254); color: #282828; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">By the latter half of the 20<sup>th</sup>
century, the United States was the pre-eminent leader of the western world. By
the end, with the fall of the Soviet system, it was the sole pre-eminent
leader. This was known as the American Century. The Jew, in America, was
uniquely positioned to be at the core of this new America.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(254, 254, 254); color: #282828; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The New Entertainment- From Vaudeville
to Tin Pan Alley to Hollywood ( and Hollywood Temple Beth El)and radio and
television.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(254, 254, 254); color: #282828; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The new music- Irving Berlin creating
Christmas music, Gershwin creating a Black musical, Porgy and Bess ( with
Jewish cantorial riffs in<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>it) and Rhaphsody
in Blue<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(254, 254, 254); color: #282828; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Full involvement in American government,
Senators, Cabinet officials, the so-called” Jewish seat” on the Supreme Court.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Literature: the 20th century "Jewish
American </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novel" title="Novel"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">novels</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">" by </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Saul Bellow</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._D._Salinger" title="J. D. Salinger"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">J. D. Salinger</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Mailer" title="Norman Mailer"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Norman Mailer</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Malamud" title="Bernard Malamud"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Bernard Malamud</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">, </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaim_Potok" title="Chaim Potok"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Chaim Potok</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">, and </span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Roth"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Philip Roth</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 107%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">. Jews were so dominant in Americas writings and publications that
there were even charges of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a Jewish
Literary Mafia.( The Literary Mafia, Jews, Publishing, and Postwar American
Literature by Josh Lambert )<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Academia:</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(254, 254, 254); color: #282828; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Jews became so prevalent at the leading Universities, that
the horrid “numerus clausus” of the European Universities began to be
implemented, until Jews proved to be too powerful, and the gates were forced open.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(254, 254, 254); color: #282828; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The waves of new Jews have kept on
coming, refreshing and replacing the earlier waves. In the past ¾ of a century,
we have had the second wave, of German Jewish intellectuals who dominated the
sciences ( such as Oppenheimer, of the bomb and movie—of course Einstein—but
also a successful movie actress who , on the side, developed a method of “
frequency hopping” that made American torpedoes” invisible” against enemy
detection. It later became a basis for systems like Bluetooth and Wi-fi! )
psychology and social sciences( Viktor Frankl, Kurt Lewin, Ruth Westeheimer),
and the intellectual foment of the 60’s ( Hannah Arendt, Herbert Marcuse) and
the uppermost echelon of world affairs- Henry Kissinger. Then, we had the wave <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>of ultra-Orthodox , both Yeshiva and Chasidic
Orthodox, who essentially pushed aside what was normative Orthodoxy, now modern
Orthodox, and reinvigorated that wing of the Jewish community. We had the
second wave of the Russian Jews, those of the former USSR, far more educated
than the Jews that came a century before, and producing, among other things, a
“Google”- ( yes, Sergey Brin.) Iranian Jews- also far better off to begin with
than the earlier waves , who brought us such an entity as Qualcomm ( computer
chips- a Nazarian). Israeli Jews, who brought us Power Rangers and new media
moguls ( Chaim Saban) as well as every other building contractor in LA.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(254, 254, 254); color: #282828; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: 0.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Now, the $ 64,000 question—is the
American Jewish century winding down, as is the American century? That remains
to be seen.</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-54823174673737723562023-06-25T17:14:00.000-07:002023-06-25T17:14:00.882-07:00The Yekkes Are Coming-Part 4 American Jewish Heritage<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The Yekkes Are Coming<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Part 4 American Jewish Heritage<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">For the video of the discussion:</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://youtu.be/4_l-t51rJP0" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/4_l-t51rJP0</a><br /></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Of all the Jewish communities in recent history, the most
successful in assimilating and mastering western culture and society were the
German Jews, both in Europe and America. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">German Jews gained the nickname of YEKKE , by common assumption
from the word in German <u>Jacke</u>. That referred to the short coat that the
Germans wore as opposed to the long coats worn by the supposedly backwards
Polish Jews. It was to have been a sign of modernity. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgobAfzx9eF3aNcIsVIhCEQdusppCSyb1h44UGfiIRoVY4-OCeqWMLKVtjEPkiICxaIWK5uSQ0OOkbKLkk62Nz1__-9-icDC3JRnvW55UiuVjH_d3AywraxDRmfG1xKpCgAJ2JH9KlDPR-srYQQuhmQ3ceGfa55y-aAaK0TJoHkVNfF-AznOJpQMWo97ozz/s533/Austrian%20short%20jacket.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="420" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgobAfzx9eF3aNcIsVIhCEQdusppCSyb1h44UGfiIRoVY4-OCeqWMLKVtjEPkiICxaIWK5uSQ0OOkbKLkk62Nz1__-9-icDC3JRnvW55UiuVjH_d3AywraxDRmfG1xKpCgAJ2JH9KlDPR-srYQQuhmQ3ceGfa55y-aAaK0TJoHkVNfF-AznOJpQMWo97ozz/w315-h400/Austrian%20short%20jacket.jpg" width="315" /></a></div><br />Austrian vintage short </span><u style="text-align: left;">jacke</u><span style="text-align: left;">- jacket</span></div><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwpjm0PdTR7o1fh4CvZcPq4S4cmNaO0QR1zSFVvTj5gTwOvhx6zRaHUh8Y7JRigdqv6gP-N7IL_5M8F-9fq-qZFn8rChrCgPjGAfND5wE3pAXfgMbcXJlNTsFWfhqYCTrgHxUV7oXz3GkwACgJCfw2WZreecld-_hapRw6Y2de5_XiYqLC66FNPviNaXjY/s1600/kapote.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1600" data-original-width="1600" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgwpjm0PdTR7o1fh4CvZcPq4S4cmNaO0QR1zSFVvTj5gTwOvhx6zRaHUh8Y7JRigdqv6gP-N7IL_5M8F-9fq-qZFn8rChrCgPjGAfND5wE3pAXfgMbcXJlNTsFWfhqYCTrgHxUV7oXz3GkwACgJCfw2WZreecld-_hapRw6Y2de5_XiYqLC66FNPviNaXjY/w400-h400/kapote.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><br /><o:p></o:p><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Hungarian Bekishe Kapote<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>There is a joke on the name which says it really is the initials of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yehudi Kashe Oref, a Jew who is stubborn and stiff
necked.Or as another joke has it, when God first calls out to Adam after the
sin of the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden, he says in Hebrew <u>ayeka</u>
which means “where are you” but sounds like a German Jew, A yekke.!</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>By this term, we include Jews from the emerging Germany (which did
not yet exist as a country) as well as those areas under German-language rule: Silesia—(Western
Poland) under the Prussians, And the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which covered
what would be modern Czech, Slovakia, Hungary, Galicia( western Ukraine) and more.
<u>Deutschekulturkreise</u>-The German Cultural Circle.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>This was a glorious page in American Jewish history for within a
generation of arrival, they took their place in American Society and they even
created an aristocracy of sorts. This became the topic of a very popular book <u>Our
Crowd</u> by Stephen Birmingham. We had our Jewish grand Dukes in business : Macys(
taken over by a Strauss) ,Gimbels ,Abraham and Strauss. Levi’s jeans, Wall Street's
Lehman Brothers, Kuhn Loeb and company. in the arts we had the Guggenheims of
the Guggenheim museum fame and in philanthropy we had the Schiffs and the Warburgs,in
journalism the Sulzbergers and the Ochs and the Pulitzers and then we had our
statesman also, Louis Brandeis, Herbert Lehman and more.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The origins-very humble<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">.What was American Jewry after independence? <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mostly of Spanish & Portuguese origin-these
families had their place high in American society. Only a handful-3,000 in
1776, 4000 by 1820 ,In 1850,jumped up to 50,000, by 1860-150,000.Mostly from<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Germany or Germanic speaking areas. Why did
they suddenly come here?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>. Turn of <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>18<sup>th</sup> Century-French Revolution,
Napoleonic Wars-new ideas of libery, equality,fraternity. It caught on,
especially with Jews, (who had least of these three). Especially in
the areas that had been under Napoleon' s rule-Germany, Austria,
Italy. France.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The revolutions for rights <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>were soon put down. Jews were caught in middle.
All their hopes were crushed and they left for <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the New world were Jews could be allowed to
flourish.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[ The century form 1820s to 1920s saw<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the largest mass migration of Jews in world
history,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>one half of all Jews moved from
Europe and the Middle East to the Americas and to distant parts of Asia and Africa.]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>Eventually that wave of immigration would come
to an end as the European governments began to restore general rights. So in
1850 ,the Prussian constitution granted civil rights to Jews and in 1871 with
the new German empire ,those rights were extended to all Jews in the German
domains.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>This German Jewish wave would eventually be overtaken
by another wave of Jews from the Russian and Polish territories after 1881, but
by that time they're already taking their place in industry commerce and the
liberal professions.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>How are these new Jewish immigrants accepted
by their brothers ,the Sephardic grandees who had preceded them? By now the Sephardim
were successful businessmen, sophisticated and highly Americanized, and they
looked down upon these German Jewish immigrants .</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>They were poor ,soiled, they looked underfed ,they
came in steerage class, they didn't speak English ,they had heavy German
accents, they had relatively little education ,and they were aggressive and uncultivated,
and worst of all they were<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>peddlers, the
socially lowest occupation.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>The Sephardic Jews even closed the doors of the
synagogues to membership to these newcomers.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>There would be an increasing social split also
within the Jewish community ,of the “better class” of Jews compared to the “vulgar”
Jews or the “refined Hebrew” ladies and gentlemen compared to Jews.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>So how did these new Jews start out?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZu4nsIqJ15VUtrnFfTqF4hN3E0I9ZZCUmFzOMx4JahLSSp7wBHxVQGRdLMNMD9DGBKLXLtPz1j5uB90gcYXyLkLv3Gr8H9qJwd1-htTz0L8h37MGFrxUBQqpzSGky3ctjDvDLgMf-MgjwpJ0BWUi4_ksg_R2392g-3Siz1DVHMnfVMq0HrhSutqg1fjgQ/s383/A%20Jewish%20Peddlar.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="383" data-original-width="266" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZu4nsIqJ15VUtrnFfTqF4hN3E0I9ZZCUmFzOMx4JahLSSp7wBHxVQGRdLMNMD9DGBKLXLtPz1j5uB90gcYXyLkLv3Gr8H9qJwd1-htTz0L8h37MGFrxUBQqpzSGky3ctjDvDLgMf-MgjwpJ0BWUi4_ksg_R2392g-3Siz1DVHMnfVMq0HrhSutqg1fjgQ/w278-h400/A%20Jewish%20Peddlar.jpg" width="278" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="https://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/entries/german-jews-and-peddling-in-america/"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">German Jews and
Peddling in America | Immigrant Entrepreneurship</span></a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">( Hasia Diner, NYU)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Most of the men among these immigrants opted for on-the-road
peddling as their start-up occupation in their new American home. Those who did
not peddle owned shops, peddler warehouses, and manufactured the goods that
Jewish peddlers sold. The near universality of the decision of so many German
Jewish immigrants to begin their lives in America as </span><a href="https://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/images/jewish-life-jewish-peddler-new-york-city-no-date/" target="_blank"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">peddlers</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> shaped much of their subsequent
lives as well as of the families and communities they built.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<blockquote style="border: none; margin: 0px 0px 0px 40px; padding: 0px;"><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: left; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">…</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="background-color: white;">The peddlers operated on a weekly cycle. They left their base
on Sunday or Monday, depending on how far they had to go. … They peddled all
week and on Friday headed back to the town from which they had gotten their
goods. Here on the Jewish Sabbath and, depending on geography, on Sundays as
well, they rested... .. Saturday night, after sundown, when the restrictions of
the Sabbath lifted, the peddlers came to the shopkeepers and or other creditors
to whom they owed money, paid up from the goods they had sold that week, and
then filled up their bags, ready for another week on the road.</span></p></blockquote>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span><a href="https://www.immigrantentrepreneurship.org/images/jewish-life-selling-new-years-cards-east-side-new-york-city-ca-1905-1915/" target="_blank"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">…they sold a jumble of goods that might be considered
quasi-luxuries</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">. In their bags they carried needles,
threads, lace, ribbons, mirrors, pictures and picture frames, watches, jewelry,
eye glasses, linens, bedding, and other sundry goods, sometimes called “Yankee
notions.” <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="https://www.nyu.edu/about/news-publications/news/2015/january/hasia-diner-on-jewish-peddlers.html"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Door to Door:
How Jewish Peddlers Changed the World, One Household at a Time (nyu.edu)</span></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">( from the same author, book <i><span style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">Roads Taken: The Great Jewish Migrations to the New World
and the Peddlers Who Forged the Way</span></i><span style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">, )<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What was it like:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">they sold on the installment plan, so once they made a
sale they had reason to go back to the same house and, after getting payment
for what was owed, open their bags and say, “Oh, by the way, this week I
have...”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">… also.. May I lodge here for the evening? <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Crossed racial lines:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 1in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">… they were forced, by the dictates of the market, to
treat their African American customers just like they treated their white
customers. So at a time when, in a place like Helena, Arkansas, a black person
wasn’t allowed to try on clothes in a store, and had to get off the sidewalk to
let a white person pass, the peddler comes into the house, takes of his hat,
and bows to the African-American woman. He calls her “ma’am,” not “girl.” And
she can slam the door in his face if she wants to! .. But the Jew comes
in and has no power over her, so the tables are turned. He has to be
deferential to her. That must have been an amazing revelation to African
Americans, or Africans in South Africa, or Native Americans on reservations—to
know that they didn’t have to always be treated the way they were in the larger
sphere. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Eventually, they would save up
their pennies, buy a cart, then a cart and horse, then a store ( and still
peddle; on the side). From the seller of notions and ends of cloth to big and
bigger.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Here’s a typical story: Adam
Gimbel <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Gimbel
was born to a </span><span style="mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Jews" title="German Jews"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Jewish</span></a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> family
in </span><span style="mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Bavaria</span></a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> in
1817 where he worked in the local baron's vineyard.</span><span style="mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Gimbel#cite_note-Moodys-1"><sup><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[1]</span></sup></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Gimbel#cite_note-Beloved-2"><sup><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[2]</span></sup></a><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Gimbel#cite_note-Merchant-3"><sup><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[3]</span></sup></a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> In May 1835, he immigrated to the </span><span style="mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">United States</span></a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> paying his fare by working as a ship's hand.</span><span style="mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Gimbel#cite_note-Beloved-2"><sup><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[2]</span></sup></a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Arriving in </span><span style="mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">New Orleans</span></a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">, he worked two years as a dock worker.</span><span style="mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Gimbel#cite_note-Beloved-2"><sup><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[2]</span></sup></a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Noticing the itinerant peddlers who moved up and down the
river peddling their goods, he saved his earnings and purchased an inventory of
needles, thread, and cloth and headed north in July 1837.</span><span style="mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Gimbel#cite_note-Beloved-2"><sup><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[2]</span></sup></a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> He printed listings of his goods and nailed them to trees
along his route.</span><span style="mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Gimbel#cite_note-Beloved-2"><sup><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[2]</span></sup></a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> After five years, he was able to purchase a horse and
carriage and increase the variety of goods he carried.</span><span style="mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Gimbel#cite_note-Beloved-2"><sup><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[2]</span></sup></a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0in 6pt 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In
1842, he arrived at </span><span style="mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana" title="Vincennes, Indiana"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Vincennes, Indiana</span></a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> near where the </span><span style="mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wabash_River" title="Wabash River"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Wabash River</span></a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> joined the </span><span style="mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Ohio Rive</span></a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">It was a bustling town, and he sold out his entire inventory
in one week.</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Gimbel#cite_note-Beloved-2"><sup><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[2]</span></sup></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> …<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Native Americans were particularly attracted to the
standardized prices as they were often charged higher prices when negotiating.</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Gimbel#cite_note-Beloved-2"><sup><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[2]</span></sup></a><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Gimbel used the motto
"Fairness and Equality to All Patrons."</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> (Wikipedia)</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">He went on to open multiple
department stores to end up with this:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXvzrxUGMlp9PMwMcQLhmrSWQz6PUjn_al7IGcwYOfVMHtl8ImpcXudCWHvJ6JZsN4hnVItyDNXY2kn8zuAY5Ttdnp3iPoTulRRNZhT7P-4ojN6MzrSbtNnOt7eFH9JE4OnvOs9b_B_yL3nuivSTNNwpNIPCIDVHW1OIIGcWO4I2T-nI3VQeUOYQK6y_Q_/s900/Park_Avenue_Court_1,_former_Gimbels_store,_Lex_and_86th,_Manhattan.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="675" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXvzrxUGMlp9PMwMcQLhmrSWQz6PUjn_al7IGcwYOfVMHtl8ImpcXudCWHvJ6JZsN4hnVItyDNXY2kn8zuAY5Ttdnp3iPoTulRRNZhT7P-4ojN6MzrSbtNnOt7eFH9JE4OnvOs9b_B_yL3nuivSTNNwpNIPCIDVHW1OIIGcWO4I2T-nI3VQeUOYQK6y_Q_/w300-h400/Park_Avenue_Court_1,_former_Gimbels_store,_Lex_and_86th,_Manhattan.jpg" width="300" /></a></span></div><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br />( Wikimedia)<o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">Only a block from the famous
competitor, Macy’s ,Gimbel’s is now shut, but its affiliate still operates Sax
Fifth Avenue.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">Jews now made their way into
different aspects of American society:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">Macy’s was eventually taken over
by two brothers, Nathan and Isadore Straus, but…</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTJBgjVA7KaQUhheKzkuoxQIY4r8S1tCLVKlW5GawEGz1oyqlZ03iJCb-npSLHXV-FZWaAPIzF0xbObx1sYhXUOvC4gawkHl_1qM97m2drMK7MVo764E5IQgt5IC8U6DQldv2-41cMEql3onxrob8cQLZniE89UFOwFmfg7ReF9xYyyVEkxnn2Sp1o3VoR/s689/Oscar%20Starus.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="526" data-original-width="689" height="305" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgTJBgjVA7KaQUhheKzkuoxQIY4r8S1tCLVKlW5GawEGz1oyqlZ03iJCb-npSLHXV-FZWaAPIzF0xbObx1sYhXUOvC4gawkHl_1qM97m2drMK7MVo764E5IQgt5IC8U6DQldv2-41cMEql3onxrob8cQLZniE89UFOwFmfg7ReF9xYyyVEkxnn2Sp1o3VoR/w400-h305/Oscar%20Starus.png" width="400" /></a></div><br /><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">(The American Jewish Yearbook)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This was the Straus brother that did not go into the business!!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>Born in Ottenberg, Rhenish Bavaria, on December 23, 1850… his
father, Lazarus Straus, decided to emigrate to America, landing in Philadelphia
in the Spring of 1852. He settled in Talbotton, Georgia, whither he brought his
family. This family, the only Jews in the little town, were received with
kindness and hospitality. …1867 he passed the examinations for Columbia
College. Upon graduation he was honored with the "Class Poem", and in
1871 he entered the Columbia Law School from which he was graduated in 1873.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>… In 1887 he was appointed by President Cleveland as United States
Minister to Turkey, largely upon the suggestion of Henry Ward Beecher. ..journey
to Egypt, Palestine and Syria and inspected [American based mission schools]
schools. He defended American and also British agents who were engaged in the
sale of the Bible, and gave his warm support to Robert College. When in
Palestine, his attention was engaged by the discrimination practiced there
against the Jews.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>[Became an advocate for Jews under Tsarist Russia
and helped Herzl. Long time Ambassador to the Ottoman Empire, advisor to US administrations
on many issues—and a visibly loyal Jew, active in his synagogue]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><a href="https://www.bjpa.org/content/upload/bjpa/osca/Oscar%20Straus.pdf"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">https://www.bjpa.org/content/upload/bjpa/osca/Oscar%20Straus.pdf</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">[Note: It was recently announced that the pilot of the ill-fated subermersible Titan was married to a descendent of Isadore and Ida Straus, who had given their life jackets to save others on the similarly ill-fated Titanic!]</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></span><span style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt;">Another example-Supreme Court Judge
Louis Brandeis</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW1Vm3fY4Fg_bIysYpKTBUnDcEBsxUAquTUPzbxO1RyeMI4YYyTnYnbzFpRx6JkluoKRQUxPekdeaM5YWOoy4WFJvSo3IioU0l8PqQSR_pm2Hlj4Nsm2AiPkLRcw7liNfqFDJbx3MG5UNAPlqbvzpdzUTJk__W7tLZQT-lza6pS7SMg1LNX5mbufrXoEnK/s587/Brandeisl_(1).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="587" data-original-width="440" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW1Vm3fY4Fg_bIysYpKTBUnDcEBsxUAquTUPzbxO1RyeMI4YYyTnYnbzFpRx6JkluoKRQUxPekdeaM5YWOoy4WFJvSo3IioU0l8PqQSR_pm2Hlj4Nsm2AiPkLRcw7liNfqFDJbx3MG5UNAPlqbvzpdzUTJk__W7tLZQT-lza6pS7SMg1LNX5mbufrXoEnK/w300-h400/Brandeisl_(1).jpg" width="300" /></a></span></div><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">( Wikipedia)</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The child of Jewish immigrants to
Kentucky from Prague, then the Austro Hungarian empire. They fled the counter
revolutions of 1848 and settled in Louisville,, operating a grain merchandising
business. They <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>made sure that he had a
good education and he and he graduated from Harvard Law School . He entered
legal practice and soon made such a good reputation for himself that he rose to
the position of justice on the United states Supreme Court. Probably one of the
most important and concepts that he or gave to America was the idea of a right
to privacy. That concept influenced the framing of many laws to the point that
it became recognized by the Supreme Court itself. He also promoted the concept
of freedom of speech in American law.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This was the concurring decision
( with Justice Holmes:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Fear of serious injury cannot alone justify suppression of
free speech and assembly. Men feared witches and burnt women. It is the
function of free speech to free men from bondage of irrational fears ... Those
who won our independence by revolution were not cowards. They did not fear
political change. They did not exalt order at the cost of liberty ...(
Wikipedia)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">While his family was not
particularly observant and they're even accusations that they were associated
with the messianic Jacob frank movement in Europe, as he matured he found
greater connection with the Jewish community to the point that he was a major
supporter of Zionism and in his honor we have such institutions as brandeis
university and the brandeis bardeen camp here in Los Angeles. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">In the field of journalism-Adolph
Ochs worked as an office boy for the local paper in Knoxville,</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">TN, And then clerk in a grocery
store while attending night school in Rhode Island. From there, to work odd
jobs at the local paper, and at age 19, borrowed $250 from the family to buy
controlling interest in the Chattanooga Times and then become its publisher. He
continued to work with different papers buying up papers and making some profit
here and there and then at the age of 38 he borrowed money to buy the failing
New York Times for $75,000.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKm3p3UuNievpKW_BR_0VAkRHqsJyLRMGkVedj5-PKvlMFleNaO0kecmpBa0MFnWMN5UdZbYPGqdDkRGyJSApk4oexC4NUjjRdl7C2xrv7cEeh5FjV8uj4u5UoyiJqZmMISgRBLLmV1x40eQ0xX3t5L7Ib7PwdnyJzCRu0OqmsOpnXlRh65_6wrELV4cgM/s1430/NY%20Times%20mastheadd%20wwI.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="568" data-original-width="1430" height="159" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiKm3p3UuNievpKW_BR_0VAkRHqsJyLRMGkVedj5-PKvlMFleNaO0kecmpBa0MFnWMN5UdZbYPGqdDkRGyJSApk4oexC4NUjjRdl7C2xrv7cEeh5FjV8uj4u5UoyiJqZmMISgRBLLmV1x40eQ0xX3t5L7Ib7PwdnyJzCRu0OqmsOpnXlRh65_6wrELV4cgM/w400-h159/NY%20Times%20mastheadd%20wwI.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: #202122; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">From there on all else is history and his
newspaper has become always the paper of note of the United states. It is still
held by members of the family descendants of Ochs and the in-laws, the Sulzbergers.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In finance, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">A Jewish immigrant from Mainz in
Hesse, Abraham Kuhn, came to the US in 1840 and married his wife, Regina,the
sister of his future business partner ,Solomon Loeb. He began his career like
so many as a peddler from being a peddler to manufacturing men's clothing and
dry goods business till they entered banking. By 1867 they had opened a company
Kuhn Loeb and company made it into a major financial powerhouse brought in
another family member Jacob Schiff and that company grew to become the second
largest investment bank in the United states.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">But this wave of German Jews was not
focused only on business. It was focused on creating a Jewish life that would
match the new American civilization. So they reacted to the pressure to
assimilate in many ways losing Shabbat for example to be competitive in the non-Jewish
world, and Kashruth was difficult in these isolated communities and certainly
study was impossible with an absence of schools and teachers. Nevertheless a
strong Jewish bond remained. Even the very smallest of communities set up
synagogues they then set up many of the institutions and organizations of
American Jewry today: Jewish federations for philanthropy for example,fraternal
orders like Bnai Brith.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">They retained certain key customs
such as Bris ,the bar mitzvah, the Jewish wedding ,Jewish burial traditions,
and High Holy days. ,</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">They sought to create a form of
Judaism would be particular to the spirit of America in the 19th century. As
far back as 1824 4,7 members of the Charleston synagogue led by Isaac Harby secceeded
and created a Reformed Society of Israelites and then in 1841 they would get
their first Rabbi, Gustav Poznanski. He would declare this country as “our
Palestine, this city our Jerusalem, this House of God our temple. “That would
be the new American motif.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">. They were influenced very much by
the wave of European enlightenment and revolution that they had experience in
Europe and the early movements for enlightenment and reform in those years.
Some radical reformers stood out.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">For example Rabbi David Einhorn who
was a famous abolitionist and was expelled from Baltimore for taking a stand
against slavery in 1861 as the civil war was breaking out. He was an eloquent
speaker publisher of magazines and of the official reform prayer book ,of which
I once had a copy. it was appropriately enough all in German since that was
still the language that they were speaking.</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrnQQsY3_ivzoQR3bZvnVtSeMl3iVdPcFcYAUrz2Kzh-Exm--A1jNG-oV6DwMPvhALwY7KF9z3NraV6JDP8d9jWtJQwo0Kqy0EfDhTPWWWspKnUa4JqCXvgjlIZtAI6AvdsLPf7yOooha0PzMwgzX0-O-sI8l6HtJRc2eS9017Qn3aXVYStVfoBdkvDsJw/s309/Olat%20Tamid%20front%20page.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="309" data-original-width="213" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrnQQsY3_ivzoQR3bZvnVtSeMl3iVdPcFcYAUrz2Kzh-Exm--A1jNG-oV6DwMPvhALwY7KF9z3NraV6JDP8d9jWtJQwo0Kqy0EfDhTPWWWspKnUa4JqCXvgjlIZtAI6AvdsLPf7yOooha0PzMwgzX0-O-sI8l6HtJRc2eS9017Qn3aXVYStVfoBdkvDsJw/w276-h400/Olat%20Tamid%20front%20page.jpg" width="276" /></a></div><br /><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span><p></p>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsSsA2Kbfst7uT4SX_DhFDIb3hKewjej1XIpQCtQ3MIuDNi9iTRbSl3jovAmWlacl5rfVxoDAMW4SnEBfLbHr-5XgTmNFaOeGmI0Lqx07kuEvydCmuVRr7cUNYwa17CWDzpyJPliLSXCe_geqiw44UQI7i8MfG4jl38-SogEL4qUMUO8Ceavy5P2v5mdwP/s331/Olat%20Tamid%20copyright%201858.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="104" data-original-width="331" height="126" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjsSsA2Kbfst7uT4SX_DhFDIb3hKewjej1XIpQCtQ3MIuDNi9iTRbSl3jovAmWlacl5rfVxoDAMW4SnEBfLbHr-5XgTmNFaOeGmI0Lqx07kuEvydCmuVRr7cUNYwa17CWDzpyJPliLSXCe_geqiw44UQI7i8MfG4jl38-SogEL4qUMUO8Ceavy5P2v5mdwP/w400-h126/Olat%20Tamid%20copyright%201858.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Gebetbuch der Israelitische Reform Gemeinden ( from my personal collection)</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">But the great institution builder
for the new American Judaism was someone who tried to bridge between the new
reform and the old orthodox world, Rabbi Isaac Mayer Weiss.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">He was a scholar writer publisher
editor theologian and historian very prolific author of 12 novels 2 plays
edited two periodicals one in English and one in German was active in creating
civic institutions. His main concept was Minhag America which meant a form of
worship that would be the American version of the Ashkenazi and the Sephardic
forms of worship. That would become the original Union Prayer book. And they
created the Union of American Hebrew Congregations with the intention of the
word Union ,not Reform but Union. And then he created the Hebrew Union college
and again with the concept of Union college, not reform not orthodox ,but a
union. Unfortunately it's all blew up on the very first banquet when treif <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>food was served in violation agreed upon the
policies and the traditionalists walked out.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So that would become then the start of the Reform
going one way and Conservative going the other way in American Judaism.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This new Conservative approach which
reflected what was happening also in Europe at that time sought to apply Jewish
scholarship to modifying Jewish practice in the needs of the time without
abandoning it. To some extent the first people behind it were Sephardim ,such
as Saboto Morais ,the 1st president of the Jewish Theological Seminary and this
school brought to it solid scholars trained in Wissenschaft, which was the
critical science of Judaism, such as Benjamin Szold, Marcus Jastrow ,Alexander
Kohut. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">The most prominent figure of American Judaism in this
time was Rabbi Isaac Leeser. He was an early forerunner of the Conservative
movement, produced an early edition of the pentateuch that afterwards</span><span style="color: #202122; mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">was used by synagogues in the United states ,published
the major Jewish journal the Occident and the stablished the first official
Sunday school, and he established it together with Rebecca Gratz who it is said
was the model for the beauty insert Isaac Walters Sir Walter Scott's Ivanhoe. </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #202122;">The further development of American Judaism would soon rest in the hands of a
new wave of Jewish immigrants, this time from Eastern Europe. This wave
would swallow up all of that had come before them.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #404040; letter-spacing: 0.1pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-80870449589410031472023-06-20T12:17:00.006-07:002023-06-20T15:33:43.790-07:00The Foundations of American Judaism—the first century- rascals and exemplars Part 3 of American Jewish Heritage<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The
Foundations of American Judaism—the first century- rascals and exemplars<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal">Part 3 of American Jewish Heritage</p><p class="MsoNormal">For the recording of this discussion go to:</p><p class="MsoNormal"><a href="https://youtu.be/Ez3UHkpQbks" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/Ez3UHkpQbks</a><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The founding fathers were excited about
opening the doors to all religions—yet, as much as they accepted Jews, they did
not know how to digest them:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>Jefferson</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://www.brandeis.edu/hornstein/sarna/americanjewishcultureandscholarship/Archive5/TheMythicalJewandtheJewNextDoorinNineteenth-CenturyAmerica.pdf"><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;">https://www.brandeis.edu/hornstein/sarna/americanjewishcultureandscholarship/Archive5/TheMythicalJewandtheJewNextDoorinNineteenth-CenturyAmerica.pdf</span></a><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">on the Jewish
people as follows: II. Jews. . Their system was Deism; that is, the belief in
one only God. But their ideas of him and of his attributes were degrading and
injurious.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Their Ethics were not only
imperfect, but often irreconcilable with the sound dictates of reason and
morality, as they respect intercourse with those around us; and repulsive and
anti-social, as respecting other nations. They needed reformation, therefore,
in an eminent degree.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Elsewhere,
Jefferson attacked Jewish theology .. which supposes the God of infinite
justice to punish the sins of the fathers upon their children, unto the third
and fourth generation," <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-06-02-0431">https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/03-06-02-0431</a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #ca7700; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;">Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 12 October 1813 </span></b><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #ca7700; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #ca7700; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;">Referring to an academic study on Judaism: He quotes:</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">To compare the morals of the old, with those of the
new testament, …(he goes on to quote a scholar) <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #222222; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">… Enfield, his epitomiser, concludes in these words. “‘Ethics
were so little studied among the Jews, that, in their whole compilation called
the Talmud, there is only one treatise on moral subjects.. … what a wretched
depravity of sentiment & manners must have prevailed before such corrupt
maxims could have obtained credit! it is impossible to collect from these writings
a consistent series of moral Doctrine.’”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-outline-level: 1;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #ca7700; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #ca7700; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;">On the other hand:<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #ca7700; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;">https://www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/jews-and-judaism/<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-outline-level: 1;"><strong><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #403c36; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">1820 September 1. </span></strong><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #403c36; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">(Jefferson to Jacob De La Motta). "[<em><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">De La
Motta's Discourse Delivered at the Consecration of the Synagogue of the
Hebrew Congregation, Mikva Israel: In the City of Savannah, Georgia ...</span></em>]
…he is happy in the restoration, of the Jews particularly, to their social
rights, & hopes they will be seen taking their seats on the benches of
science, as preparatory to their doing the same at the board of
government."</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/jews-and-judaism/#fn-4"><b><sup><span style="background: white; color: #a71930;">[4]</span></sup></b></a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">President John Adams
would come to be one of the earliest supporters of Zionism, before Zionism:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span> 1808 letter criticizing ..,.Voltaire, “How is it possible
[that he] should represent the Hebrews in such a contemptible light? They are
the most glorious nation that ever inhabited this Earth. The Romans and their
Empire were but a Bauble in comparison of the Jews. They have given religion to
three quarters of the Globe and have influenced the affairs of Mankind more,
and more happily, than any other Nation ancient or modern."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>In a
correspondence to Mordecai Manuel Noah ( more later)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>In 1819, Noah sent Adams a copy of his …, Travels in England,
France Spain and the Barbary States. …, "Farther I could find it in my
heart to wish that you had been at the head of a hundred thousand Israelites .
. . & marching with them into Judea & making a conquest of that country
& restoring your nation to the dominion of it. For I really wish the Jews
again in Judea an independent nation."</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-outline-level: 1;"><a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/president-john-adams-embraces-a-jewish-homeland-1819-2">President
John Adams Embraces A Jewish Homeland (1819) (jewishvirtuallibrary.org)</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>On
the other hand, like so many of the Enlightened of his day, Judaism itself
puzzled him:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I believe [that] . . . once restored to an independent government
& no longer persecuted they [the Jews] would soon wear away some of the
asperities and peculiarities of their character & possibly in time
become liberal Unitarian christians for your Jehovah is our
Jehovah & your God of Abraham Isaac and Jacob is our God.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Americans still kept with them old world
assumptions about Jews. Thus during the Civil War, <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">When General
Grant tried to cut off supplies and funding to the rebel Confederacy, he tried
to ban all peddlers from his area of control.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> In reference to Jewish traders Grant said: "they
come in with their </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carpetbagger" title="Carpetbagger"><span style="background: white; color: #3366cc;">carpet sacks</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #202122;"> in spite of all that can be done
to prevent it. The Jews seem to be a privileged class that can travel anywhere.
They will land at any wood yard or landing on the river and make their way
through the country. If not permitted to buy cotton themselves they will act as
agents for someone else who will be at a military post with a Treasury permit
to receive cotton and pay for it in Treasury notes, which the Jew will buy up
at an agreed rate, paying gold<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>So he declared:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 1.2pt 1in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Head Quarters 13th Army Corps,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 1.2pt 1in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Department of the Tennessee,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 1.2pt 1in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Oxford, Miss. Dec. 17, 1862.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 1.2pt 1in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I.. The Jews, as a class, violating every regulation
of trade established by the Treasury Department, and also Department orders,
are hereby expelled from the Department.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 1.2pt 1in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">II.. Within twenty-four hours from the receipt of
this order by Post Commanders, they will see that all of this class of people be
furnished passes and required to leave, and any one returning after such
notification will be arrested and held in confinement until an opportunity
occurs of sending them out as prisoners, unless furnished with permit from Head
Quarters.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 1.2pt 1in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Order_No._11_%281862%29">General
Order No. 11 (1862) - Wikipedia</a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 1.2pt; margin-left: 1.0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 1.2pt 1in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #202122; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">It may well be
that he was upset because his own father was in partnership with two Jews in
the cotton business!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>In any event, it
caused an uproar, Jewish officers threatened to resign, and it became a
political football . President Lincoln ordered this immediately rescinded, and
Grant soon ate his own words, apologizing that it was his aides fault for the
wording. In later history, interestingly enough,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>President, Grant became a friend to the
Jewish community, and appointed the largest number of Jews to government
position till his day!</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">These early years saw many unusual Jews,
adventurers, such as<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUiw3QlePD_Vz7hY5tFlkTyw34vVnlVdA8DdKKwMFGmA_aP4Bxq-y7pIDMClSfWFVbuXAbO6DjYplvg9XZvnJ4K6wTfI0veFI69QMtlUnWV8OnEiUmAMC3OIN-7imQaEYP65Qg2NQPmptUuWAkzXgIEwjpFQk9ByEDZysXpkAYxcYRg9bwoZjRtSSkJxiT/s563/440px-Anonymous_portrait_of_Jean_Lafitte,_early_19th_century,_Rosenberg_Library,_Galveston,_Texas.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="563" data-original-width="440" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUiw3QlePD_Vz7hY5tFlkTyw34vVnlVdA8DdKKwMFGmA_aP4Bxq-y7pIDMClSfWFVbuXAbO6DjYplvg9XZvnJ4K6wTfI0veFI69QMtlUnWV8OnEiUmAMC3OIN-7imQaEYP65Qg2NQPmptUuWAkzXgIEwjpFQk9ByEDZysXpkAYxcYRg9bwoZjRtSSkJxiT/w501-h640/440px-Anonymous_portrait_of_Jean_Lafitte,_early_19th_century,_Rosenberg_Library,_Galveston,_Texas.jpeg" width="501" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The notorious pirate ( Privateer) Jean
Lafitte.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><a href="https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/history/articles/the-dread-jewish-pirate-jean-lafitte">The
Dread Jewish Pirate Jean Lafitte - Tablet Magazine</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>One Jewish pirate who has been proved to be genuine is Jean
Lafitte. Jean was born in 1780 and died around 1823….</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">His Journal de Jean Lafitte, Lafitte claims to have been
born in Bordeaux, France, in 1780, the child of Sephardic Jewish parents whose
converso grandmother and mother fled from Spain to France in 1765 after his
maternal grandfather was executed by the Inquisition for “Judaizing”.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">He was a French pirate and privateer who operated primarily in the
Gulf of Mexico…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">…Later, in return for a legal pardon, Lafitte and his fleet helped
Andrew Jackson (later, president of the United States) defend New Orleans from
the British. After Jackson secured victory, he paid tribute to the Lafitte
brothers’ efforts and those of their fellow privateers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span> </p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibJLBhFDFr4b8kh89E4XaK_Z_Rlp2yGXMmKOmRF7ndtqs9Xv4oLF0tQ8TnPZY1GWzm0m-_DF8JPep44Aik6EKWXKHY92WZfp1pLUAp8BwV1eStwQ87F7wdJIXlnxdOmKsbO1Ay1AwYhu-EOqCveao_nVpfUjn5SzYpNnfvXhTqriWLWCCxbuLIyKkX8wBl/s500/Emperor_Joshua_A._Norton_I.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="330" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEibJLBhFDFr4b8kh89E4XaK_Z_Rlp2yGXMmKOmRF7ndtqs9Xv4oLF0tQ8TnPZY1GWzm0m-_DF8JPep44Aik6EKWXKHY92WZfp1pLUAp8BwV1eStwQ87F7wdJIXlnxdOmKsbO1Ay1AwYhu-EOqCveao_nVpfUjn5SzYpNnfvXhTqriWLWCCxbuLIyKkX8wBl/w422-h640/Emperor_Joshua_A._Norton_I.jpg" width="422" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The only Jewish Emperor in history! The only
Emperor of the United States of America:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Emperor Joshua Abraham Norton I<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>The son of English Jews, he came to San
Francisco, California for the gold rush, with the benefit of family money of
$40,000. He invested his money well, until he had one investment too many, and
went bankrupt.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Not one to be too upset by the setback, <span style="color: black;"> On
September 17, 1859, he published the following notice in the San Francisco
Bulletin: “At the peremptory request of a large majority of the citizens of
these United States, I, Joshua Norton, formerly of Algoa Bay, Cape of Good
Hope, and now for the last nine years and ten months past of San Francisco,
California, declare and proclaim myself Emperor of these United States, and
Protector of Mexico.” Applaud Emperor Norton I!<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">He soon issued his own coinage:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAFyRNafUUfS2jUtw4nli9rcD7fI89f-G8XbGY1FJ3JrSFtKN8PQ7-O3xafUva2OT0nMmiznDoAFf2ElVYMRGJu3GKV3KZTBVP-TEQ_-zsR9F9UVB36SoRWUOxPtTjh0NqoI23M6n_mVa0wF3gqYTV8whLXkrcNegh1IcV2cfOtXsHlnCrO29Bd66o_oSr/s703/Emperor%20Norton%20Dollar.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="315" data-original-width="703" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAFyRNafUUfS2jUtw4nli9rcD7fI89f-G8XbGY1FJ3JrSFtKN8PQ7-O3xafUva2OT0nMmiznDoAFf2ElVYMRGJu3GKV3KZTBVP-TEQ_-zsR9F9UVB36SoRWUOxPtTjh0NqoI23M6n_mVa0wF3gqYTV8whLXkrcNegh1IcV2cfOtXsHlnCrO29Bd66o_oSr/w640-h286/Emperor%20Norton%20Dollar.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">From internal affairs Norton proceeded
to monetary issues of the States, printed banknotes with his portrait, and even
collected taxed. The amazing thing was that the residents of San Francisco
loved him dearly, and were willing to pay. When he toured the streets, in a
fancy military jacket, with a shiny sword and peacock feathers hat, they used
to salute him.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: black; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><a href="https://www.anumuseum.org.il/blog/americas-last-emperor-the-crazy-story-of-joshua-norton/?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cpc&utm_term=&utm_campaign=g&device=c&gclid=CjwKCAjwp6CkBhB_EiwAlQVyxRCvAK0JjDOAGtQeYaZATiTmdg4Dt6cI-1Jr0EceF2ouOcwalXtJMRoC2qIQAvD_BwE">America's
Last Emperor: The Crazy Story of Joshua Norton - Museum of the Jewish People
(anumuseum.org.il)</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>It is said that 10,000 people lined up for his
funeral. San Francisco has always been home to a quite a lot of interesting
people!!!</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>But, Jews took major part in building the
institutions of this country:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>The first American Zionist , long before
Herzl, father of Ararat:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>Mordecai Manuel Noah, journalist, playwright,
politician, lawyer, court of appeals judge, New York Port surveyor, a major in
the New York military and, foremost, an ardent utopian <a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/zionism">Zionist</a>.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sheriff of New York City, fought Tammany Hall,
editor of numerous newspapers, he was the chief spokesperson of the Jews, in
press and speech, to the American public.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(255, 244, 219); color: #3a3a3a; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>Mordecai was the first-born son of Manuel Noah, an immigrant from
Mannheim, Germany, who had served in the Revolutionary War, and Zipporah
Phillips, daughter of Jonas Phillips and Rebecca Machado, whose father had
served as hazzan of the Shearith Israel Congregation of New York… Noah stressed
his <a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/sephardim">Sefardi</a> identity,
for it gave him deeper roots in America and a more aristocratic status in the
Jewish community. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/four-founders-emma-lazarus-judaic-treasures">Four
Founders - Emma Lazarus [Judaic Treasures] (jewishvirtuallibrary.org)</a><span style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: rgb(255, 244, 219); color: #3a3a3a; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>Consul
to Tunis, appointed, but soon removed by Secretary of State Monroe:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">At the time of your appointment, as Consul to Tunis, it was not
known that the religion which you profess would form an obstacle to the
exercise of your Consular functions.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">He did not take it lying down, but argued back: . This may
hereafter produce the most injurious effects establishing a principle, which
will go to annihilate the most sacred rights of the citizen.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">He
and Monroe would eventually be reconciled.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOrta1jzXAYHgjuJFEklq5taNkMwZK2_pYSE970KnI8NdUwb_I7qASZlWRd1F_BouXEIgWwgTXCMTx3pPw6C1waJQvevcmO1CBiXJsxGcWtp1avbtVatO2YJqW6CINhmULcnb2DxxF_vaJ9M3JfDxQAYy6g40Zb-s6btGTN9_e78VtKeYcGg31ARUmpA5N/s375/375px-1819_Mordecai_Noah_Travels.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="301" data-original-width="375" height="514" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOrta1jzXAYHgjuJFEklq5taNkMwZK2_pYSE970KnI8NdUwb_I7qASZlWRd1F_BouXEIgWwgTXCMTx3pPw6C1waJQvevcmO1CBiXJsxGcWtp1avbtVatO2YJqW6CINhmULcnb2DxxF_vaJ9M3JfDxQAYy6g40Zb-s6btGTN9_e78VtKeYcGg31ARUmpA5N/w640-h514/375px-1819_Mordecai_Noah_Travels.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">His
most memorable act was to call for a Jewish homeland. He saw the opportunity to
bring new immigrants to the young America, while also creating<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a Jewish safe-haven.:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">He
purchased land on Grand Island ( just below the Niagra Falls), where he would
establish a Jewish colony: Ararat ( the mountain in which the original Noah’s
ark landed safely).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Here
is the inauguration of Ararat<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #363636; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">On September 15<sup>th</sup>,
1825, Ararat’s inauguration was held at a church in the nearby city of Buffalo;
there were not enough boats to transport the crowds of people to the island for
the ceremony. Noah led a jubilant procession, resplendent with prayers in
Hebrew, loud music, singing, military troops, officers, clergymen, and fellow
citizens. According to a New York City newspaper reporting on the event, Noah was
“in black, wearing the judicial robes of crimson silk, trimmed with ermine and
a richly embossed gold medal suspended from the neck” which historian Jonathan
D. Sarna explains was lent by the local Park Theater.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #363636; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Hundreds of people
gathered to listen, including the Seneca Chief Red Jacket who arrived by boat
(Noah believed that the Native Americans were one of the Lost Tribes).<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-left: 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #363636; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In his speech, Noah
proclaimed himself as the “Judge of Israel,” established Ararat as a City of
Refuge, and claimed that every Jew in the world must be taxed “three shekels of
silver” in order to sustain Ararat. He also decreed that every four years the
Paris Jewish consistory was to elect a Judge of Israel (after Noah served his
term, of course). </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://aish.com/mordecai-manuel-noah-and-the-jewish-colony-near-niagara-falls/">Mordecai
Manuel Noah and the Jewish Colony Near Niagara Falls - Aish.com</a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-WyfsCa9-F10vT0lTQQ0jsgSKAjphYbiexEZcQZ2WCEY4XoinoxT_iWa8Q2r8PHhVBA6AhGBNKlS3bbm11Ur3TGCa9iyAhED4_KClWKl5p1xK5D3vhAakiTcGlQbltSXdV3zFEc_Hcxm-unGmj1BYxDcHuJwGsJegqHJTahtcgiviOq_sh9u9zcl0_RvH/s260/Ararat%20cornerstone.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="194" data-original-width="260" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-WyfsCa9-F10vT0lTQQ0jsgSKAjphYbiexEZcQZ2WCEY4XoinoxT_iWa8Q2r8PHhVBA6AhGBNKlS3bbm11Ur3TGCa9iyAhED4_KClWKl5p1xK5D3vhAakiTcGlQbltSXdV3zFEc_Hcxm-unGmj1BYxDcHuJwGsJegqHJTahtcgiviOq_sh9u9zcl0_RvH/w640-h478/Ararat%20cornerstone.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p style="background: white;"><br /></p>
<p style="background: white;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The cornerstone for Ararat,
now in the Buffalo History Museum <a href="https://buffalohistory.org/artifact-spotlight-the-ararat-stone/">Artifact
Spotlight: The Ararat Stone - The Buffalo History Museum</a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">His plan failed to catch fire
with Jews in America, and in Europe, as in the Austro Hungarian empire, his
announcement was kept hidden from publication. He soon turned to supporting
colonies in the land of the Ottoman Empire that Europeans called Palestine.</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>No story of the contribution of early American
Jews would be complete without Uriah Phillips Levy,1792-1862.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>United States’ First Flag officer, and<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>then, highest ranking naval officer of his
day.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #202122; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">During his service in the U.S. Navy, Levy faced
considerable </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism"><span style="color: #3366cc;">antisemitism</span></a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #202122; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">.</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uriah_P._Levy#cite_note-Feldberg-4"><sup><span style="color: #3366cc;">[3]</span></sup></a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #202122; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> He reacted to
slights and was </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_martial" title="Court martial"><span style="color: #3366cc;">court-martialed</span></a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #202122; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> six
times, and once demoted from the rank of </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(United_States)" title="Captain (United States)"><span style="color: #3366cc;">Captain</span></a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #202122; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">.</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uriah_P._Levy#cite_note-Feldberg-4"><sup><span style="color: #3366cc;">[3]</span></sup></a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #202122; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Twice, he was
dismissed from the Navy, but reinstated. He defended his conduct in his
handling of naval affairs before a Court of Inquiry and in 1855 was restored to
his former position.</span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #202122; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Later,<sup>[</sup></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><i><sup><span style="color: #3366cc;">specify</span></sup></i></a></span><sup><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #202122; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">]</span></sup><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #202122; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Levy commanded the Mediterranean Squadron. As a
squadron commander he was given the title of </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_(United_States)" title="Commodore (United States)"><span style="color: #3366cc;">commodore</span></a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #202122; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">, then the highest position in the U.S. Navy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 6.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 6.0pt; margin: 6pt 0in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #202122; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Levy was instrumental in abolishing </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation"><span style="color: #3366cc;">flogging</span></a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #202122; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> in the U.S.
Navy, although his position was considered controversial at the time. He also
helped gain the support of the </span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/31st_United_States_Congress" title="31st United States Congress"><span style="color: #3366cc;">U.S Congress</span></a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #202122; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> in passing an anti-flogging bill in 1850.</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-color-alt: windowtext; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uriah_P._Levy#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-7"><sup><span style="color: #3366cc;">[6]</span></sup></a></span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #202122; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">( Wikipedia)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>What was controversial about abolishing flogging?</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #022952; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Instead of flogging as a means of punishment, Levy used public
humiliation to control unruly crewmen. The Navy favored the use of corporal
punishment as a means of discipline and was determined to punish Levy for his
failure to adhere to standard procedures.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #022952; font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In 1842, the naval court unanimously ruled that Levy be
dismissed for his “cruel and scandalous” methods of punishment. However, when
the verdict was forwarded to President John Tyler for review, the President
lessened the sentence to one year’s suspension and personally criticized the
court for the “extent of punishment” towards Levy.</span><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="font-size: 11pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> <a href="https://fojcusna.org/uriah-p-levy-bio/">Uriah P. Levy - Friends of the
Jewish Chapel (fojcusna.org)</a><span style="color: #022952;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>He made the US Navy the first in the world to
abolish corporal punishment!</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">He restored Monticello as a national site.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAhIEKji15_KZ4ug3INLHMO8oXkvhOFopzUq27CE7Qnj5Za-ZN1FHGrKCu-opTjE1i0JlCDhsyq1R0i9L3A_Ty67CBd-wYvbHZnBt7WQvavAOl1gdJP3x-QFjBc0tfxcAWnlGqW4HPmzWK8RGIgh-wgooOkkANb0IwnHktDhVfJ8pqLlmODmq9BwrvE4qx/s2727/Thomas_Jefferson's_Monticello_(cropped).jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1078" data-original-width="2727" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAhIEKji15_KZ4ug3INLHMO8oXkvhOFopzUq27CE7Qnj5Za-ZN1FHGrKCu-opTjE1i0JlCDhsyq1R0i9L3A_Ty67CBd-wYvbHZnBt7WQvavAOl1gdJP3x-QFjBc0tfxcAWnlGqW4HPmzWK8RGIgh-wgooOkkANb0IwnHktDhVfJ8pqLlmODmq9BwrvE4qx/w640-h252/Thomas_Jefferson's_Monticello_(cropped).jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #ca7700; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;">Wikipedia<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="color: #ca7700; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-ligatures: none;"><o:p> </o:p></span></b><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #403c36;">… one of the great characters in American Jewish history. He
was pugnacious, determined, eccentric, confirmed in the righteousness of his
causes, an able businessman who was quite wealthy, and an admirer of Thomas
Jefferson. His admiration rested on Mr. Jefferson's well-deserved reputation as
a champion of religious liberty — not toleration, but liberty.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 0in 0in 0.5in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="background: white; color: #403c36; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><a href="https://www.monticello.org/research-education/thomas-jefferson-encyclopedia/uriah-phillips-levy/">Uriah
Phillips Levy | Thomas Jefferson's Monticello</a></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGT-w3Z-HrdHoByOiEAM4j-KhHi0EAm3sIQ0ZQBrPxArfE98wTGG-GIM2DzhYEM98kCwsMZPyb_Hu_V80BHPXGfiUq0pMfKnyeR0lB_5LZIl3XIajY8nzMJ18CoHbgwPZJkko_vx0PnMn8kbW9S9MpAzlGUITSjHPcj2ub6_pOTzSwHtuPM20W-0q1_0HG/s780/U%20P%20Levy%20Monument.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="351" data-original-width="780" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGT-w3Z-HrdHoByOiEAM4j-KhHi0EAm3sIQ0ZQBrPxArfE98wTGG-GIM2DzhYEM98kCwsMZPyb_Hu_V80BHPXGfiUq0pMfKnyeR0lB_5LZIl3XIajY8nzMJ18CoHbgwPZJkko_vx0PnMn8kbW9S9MpAzlGUITSjHPcj2ub6_pOTzSwHtuPM20W-0q1_0HG/w640-h288/U%20P%20Levy%20Monument.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;">https://www.hmdb.org/PhotoFullSize.asp?PhotoID=447242</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>We need add, in passing-Levi Strauss- the father of the Jeans!</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI9n_7Nz4XAz7jO2eZ9hLoRECb_91UxPPvfzt7HCU9KMFCeVhHHZr3WE112_RVWopaAAP56ius_J_qibQTuMgDkl-r4JeHmtNQG9d6uhrbItTbAYch4pFF7-9vXugzMlHaNYfd5xJdFM0mNShASqQauImTdVwOz7YlN-3T76Ui_inaIdtWQU2DyOSdbOE5/s303/Levis%20Jeans%20label.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="228" data-original-width="303" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjI9n_7Nz4XAz7jO2eZ9hLoRECb_91UxPPvfzt7HCU9KMFCeVhHHZr3WE112_RVWopaAAP56ius_J_qibQTuMgDkl-r4JeHmtNQG9d6uhrbItTbAYch4pFF7-9vXugzMlHaNYfd5xJdFM0mNShASqQauImTdVwOz7YlN-3T76Ui_inaIdtWQU2DyOSdbOE5/w400-h301/Levis%20Jeans%20label.jpg" width="400" /></a></span></div><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Judah P Benjamin- the first Jew elected to be a Senator without
renouncing Judaism-a great honor== <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">A noted barrister who defended escaped slaves on their right against
lawsuit by the ship owner that had brought them to the Americas—<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">and-on the other-the only Jew to hold cabinet rank- but on the
wrong side of the Union—the Confederacy—Attorney General, Secretary of
Treasury, Secretary of State. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">PS- It has been well researched that the use of the slave “ Mammy”
in raising the children of the plantation heads directly led to the inability
of these same elites to run a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>country. JP
Benjamin had, it seems, no competition for the job!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">These early Jews were for the most part, what author Stephen
Birmingham titled: The Grandees: America’s Sephardic Elite. That paved the way
for the German “ Yekes” who would shape America’s retail and financial system,
and then Emma Lazarus “ wretched refuse”, the East European Jews, who would
come to dominate America’s literature, media, and communications, and play
power politics far above their weight in numbers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>Eventually,
this new country would soon discover a hitherto unknown secret:</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span>Mark Twain (
The American Sholom Aleichem)</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">On
the Jews<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">"If
the statistics are right, the Jews constitute but one quarter of one percent of
the human race. It suggests a nebulous puff of star dust lost in the
blaze of the Milky Way. Properly, the Jew ought hardly to be heard of,
but he is heard of, has always been heard of. He is as prominent on the
planet as any other people, and his importance is extravagantly out of
proportion to the smallness of his bulk.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">His
contributions to the world’s list of great names in literature, science, art,
music, finance, medicine and abstruse learning are also very out of proportion
to the weakness of his numbers. He has made a marvelous fight in this
world in all ages; and has done it with his hands tied behind him. He could be
vain of himself and be excused for it. The Egyptians, the Babylonians and
the Persians rose, filled the planet with sound and splendor, then faded to
dream-stuff and passed away; the Greeks and Romans followed and made a vast
noise, and they were gone; other people have sprung up and held their torch
high for a time but it burned out, and they sit in twilight now, and have
vanished.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The
Jew saw them all, survived them all, and is now what he always was, exhibiting
no decadence, no infirmaties, of age, no weakening of his parts, no slowing of
his energies, no dulling of his alert but aggressive mind. All things are
mortal but the Jews; all other forces pass, but he remains. What is the
secret of his immortality? "<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">-
September 1897 (Quoted inThe National Jewish Post & Observer, June 6, 1984)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p>Next- The Wave of German Jews who bring with them new ideas about Judaism and take part in shaping the economy of the new world power.</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span face=""Arial",sans-serif" style="mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-533870387339053206.post-92103786098323822482023-06-13T16:33:00.002-07:002023-06-13T16:33:38.825-07:00Jews Take Their Part in Helping Set Forth a New Nation- Part 2 for American Jewish Heritage Month<p> </p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #0a2458; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Jews Take Their Part in Helping Set Forth a New Nation- Part 2 for American Jewish Heritage Month</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #0a2458; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">June 10 2023</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; line-height: 150%;"><span style="color: #0a2458; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Follow the link for the video discussion</span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://youtu.be/KFYORqfJ3EY" style="background-color: white; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;" target="_blank">https://youtu.be/KFYORqfJ3EY</a></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: arial;">( In my online discussion, I open with a display of some reprints of early Jewish sermons from the early years of the new America)</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Despite these obstacles, the Jews fought for their rights and
freedoms. In 1655, they obtained permission to bury their dead in a Jewish
cemetery and the right to trade on the Hudson & Delaware Rivers. In 1656,
they petitioned for equal rights with other citizens of the colony. They argued
that they paid the same taxes and were willing to serve in the militia. They
were led in these fights by Jacob Bar Simson and Asser Levy. They eventually
won their case and gained more rights.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In 1664, New Amsterdam was captured by the British and
renamed New York. The British rule brought some changes for the Jewish
community. The Jewish population in America grew slowly over time. From 23 to
300 a decade later<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In New York by 1700 there was a synagogue on Beacon St. Then
by 1730s was the founding of Shearith Israel, the Spanish and Portuguese
synagogue as it is known today. Jewish Settlements were spreading throughout
the colonies and then States. In Newport RI where there were 12 hundred Jews (
almost half of all the Jews) and the establishment of<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the Touro synagogue, the oldest standing
synagogue in the country.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-no-proof: yes;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwH5My8BDFmpJPia1CVLyOR8SRDC0kTiiDDk8dp_GuFOLpMTif1WpBtWgbvy0tL3c9XNOq5mxKOB6kEXGExiSERGDEXsQsEo9VRipwV3DbWDG13vc6jMmqPhm9PcUsmn0zexBUyIpxggLZDUUiaxX5XtF7Bg8B96WX1bMS49onwEYy4NYnchkPtACFcw/s440/440px-Touro_Synagogue_National_Historic_Site_TOSY1085.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="293" data-original-width="440" height="426" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjwH5My8BDFmpJPia1CVLyOR8SRDC0kTiiDDk8dp_GuFOLpMTif1WpBtWgbvy0tL3c9XNOq5mxKOB6kEXGExiSERGDEXsQsEo9VRipwV3DbWDG13vc6jMmqPhm9PcUsmn0zexBUyIpxggLZDUUiaxX5XtF7Bg8B96WX1bMS49onwEYy4NYnchkPtACFcw/w640-h426/440px-Touro_Synagogue_National_Historic_Site_TOSY1085.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">( Wikipedia-Commons)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Touro University, whose branch is in this building, is named
after Judah and Isaac Touro, one of the philanthropists who paid for the
property. There is another Touro Synagogue in New Orleans, also very old, which
the Touro’s helped finance.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">For a virtual tour , you can go to <a href="https://tourosynagogue.org/" target="_blank">https://tourosynagogue.org</a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Jews had settled in Philadelphia before 1682,
and spread south to the Carolinas and Georgia . </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span> </span>By 1776, there were about 3,000
Jews, about 1/10 of 1 %, in America, mostly of Spanish origin.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What was life like for Jews in these early days?:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="background-color: white; color: #222222; font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Letter from Rebecca Samuel, c. 1790s</span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dear
Parents:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I
hope my letter will ease your mind. You can now be reassured and send me one of
the family to Charleston, South Carolina. This is the place to which, with
God’s help, we will go after Passover. The whole reason why we are leaving this
place is because of [its lack] of <em><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Yehudishkeit</span></em> [Jewishness].<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Dear
parents, I know quite well you will not want me to bring up my children like
Gentiles. Here they cannot become anything else. Jewishness is pushed aside
here. There are here [in Petersburg, Virginia] ten or twelve Jews, and they are
not worthy of being called Jews. We have <em><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">a shohet</span></em> [slaughterer of
animals and poultry] here who goes to market and buys <em><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">terefah</span></em> [nonkosher]
meat and then brings it home. On Rosh Ha-Shanah and on Yom Kippur the people
worshipped here without one <em><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Sefer</span></em> Torah, and not one of them wore the <em><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">tallit</span></em> or
the <em><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">arba
kanfot</span></em>, except Hyman and my Sammy’s godfather. The latter is an old
man of sixty, a man from Holland. He has been in America for thirty years
already; for twenty years he was in Charleston, and he has been living here for
four years. He does not want to remain here any longer and will go with us to
Charleston. In that place there is a blessed community of three hundred Jews.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">You
can believe me that I crave to see a synagogue to which I can go. The way we
live now is no life at all. We do not know what the Sabbath and the holidays
are. On the Sabbath all the Jewish shops are open, and they do business on that
day as they do throughout the whole week. But ours we do not allow to open.
With us there is still some Sabbath. You must believe me that in our house we
all live as Jews as much as we can.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">As
for the Gentiles, we have nothing to complain about. For the sake of a
livelihood we do not have to leave here. Nor do we have to leave because of
debts. I believe ever since Hyman has grown up that he has not had it so good.
You cannot know what a wonderful country this is for the common man. One can
live here peacefully….<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">All
the people who hear that we are leaving give us their blessings. They say that
it is sinful that such blessed children should be brought up here in Petersburg.
My children cannot learn anything here, nothing Jewish, .<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 16.8pt; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">I
remain, your devoted daughter and servant,<br />
Rebecca, the wife of Hayyim, the son of Samuel the Levite<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; line-height: 15.6pt; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Letter written by Rebecca Samuel in Yiddish in the 1790s (exact
date unknown); sent from Petersburg, Virginia to Hamburg, Germany.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="background: white; border-top: solid #E0DED8 1.5pt; border: none; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 20.0pt 0in 0in 0in;">
<h4 style="background: white; border: none; margin: 0in; mso-border-top-alt: solid #E0DED8 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt: 20.0pt 0in 0in 0in; padding: 0in;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi; text-transform: uppercase;">HOW
TO CITE THIS PAGE<o:p></o:p></span></h4>
</div>
<p style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Jewish Women's
Archive. "Letter Written by Rebecca Samuel." (Viewed on May 11, 2023)
<https://jwa.org/node/25212>.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin: 0in;"><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">[</span><span style="color: #666666; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">As a side note, I served as Rabbi
in Newport News, about an hour away, not far from Jamestown, the first English
settlement, took course work in colonial Williamsburg, College of William and
Mary, dined at a famous fish restaurant at Yorktown, the site of the British
surrender in the Revolutionary War. Our son was born in a hospital overlooking
the harbor where the first battle of modern battleships was fought. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>And a ton of other history in a small area!]<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Jews took their active part in the Colonial period and the Revolutionary
War even though they were very few in numbers.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">For example, Francis Salvador, from a prominent Jewish family
in London, came to the colonies to save the family fortune and built up farm
lands in South Carolina. He became a real pioneer type, leather stockings and
all. He was soon elected to the South Carolina provisional Congress as a
representative and he was authorized to issue letters of credit for the new
state. He kept the government costs down ,took part in drafting state
constitution , and he later died in the battle with Cherokee Indians who were fighting
for the British at that time. At age 29, he was the first Jew to die in the
war.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr6D5yj2zRSo0Q_4KBzHiUFyj68yN1qYnOFXR-qFC3qFz42RExmpbljmPXuuXtOD9J4ZsRY4Zsw4Gk2YmvrwwnCpg27Yu5Dm8mvYtrfC8klxq49LwRXowZHP86EL96XTApxP99TXxsfMTmYd0qI8cs7OnygSYPgwJ56cb8wdrODx1qgraOiAwQddBZdw/s757/Francis%20Salvador%20monument.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="757" data-original-width="415" height="717" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhr6D5yj2zRSo0Q_4KBzHiUFyj68yN1qYnOFXR-qFC3qFz42RExmpbljmPXuuXtOD9J4ZsRY4Zsw4Gk2YmvrwwnCpg27Yu5Dm8mvYtrfC8klxq49LwRXowZHP86EL96XTApxP99TXxsfMTmYd0qI8cs7OnygSYPgwJ56cb8wdrODx1qgraOiAwQddBZdw/w392-h717/Francis%20Salvador%20monument.png" width="392" /></a></div><br /><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><a href="https://charlestonmag.com/features/how_francis_salvador_fought_for_the_country_s_independence">https://charlestonmag.com/features/how_francis_salvador_fought_for_the_country_s_independence</a><br /></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Mordecai Sheftall had been chairman of the Parochial
committee of Christ Church Parish [that’s a county, not a church fyi ] .The de
facto governor of that part of Georgia, the royal governor James Wright protested.
“One Sheftall, <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>a Jew is on the parochial
committee. This fellow issues orders to captains of vessels to depart the
king's port without landing any of the cargoes legally imported.! “<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He took an active part
in the revolutionary government of Georgia and he was captured by the British
who called him a “very great rebel.” In jail it is thought that he spoke
Yiddish to German soldiers and made friends with them. The British soldiers
tormented him by trying to force him to eat pork. He escaped to Charleston from
prison in a boat ,was captured again, and this time imprisoned in Antigua and
later released. He loaned money for expeditions against Indians and supplies
for troops .He was owed $139,000 and got back some $7,682. Sheftall was also a religious
Jew and later moved to Philadelphia where he helped build the synagogue, Mikveh
Israel, and also served as its president. Benjamin Franklin also contributed!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_5L6-xbqrNAcfJNi63aGiTwd0fP50W4UFtKzLOi5GhIARCepnogyln6eoJGQQPfP-EPpNfaNyBP1SIGvFgHxIL8veiSEuGYNhiCplf_X0Rjo_mQ9RH0XX52AoQLJPHXRfuaSmQvc_ne7c25Y3K1UmTpItc131qT-UCXGRPeqTsox-54aYKw5uAzFJ8w/s364/Mikveh%20Israel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="364" height="490" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_5L6-xbqrNAcfJNi63aGiTwd0fP50W4UFtKzLOi5GhIARCepnogyln6eoJGQQPfP-EPpNfaNyBP1SIGvFgHxIL8veiSEuGYNhiCplf_X0Rjo_mQ9RH0XX52AoQLJPHXRfuaSmQvc_ne7c25Y3K1UmTpItc131qT-UCXGRPeqTsox-54aYKw5uAzFJ8w/w640-h490/Mikveh%20Israel.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Wikipedia Commons<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Of course, no story of Jews in early America is complete
without Haym Salomon:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGBBaYMYyrNdH9xgwBrC6OTGV0u_k48Em_xBv6mIss91m7hoUAyTiQaF-7J8ivjWXDS9CjBOhdbfLj8L6tBup2JzdQBB4xKafsjfSgXQSdfJXCjDrDUnrTEluRKpEkRK04-FpgyqFAbIuIneCv1hywLr3KI5OlQSQH48Y3msKoEFEEudlsgxyRPMwd3Q/s1555/Haym%20Salomon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1555" data-original-width="1228" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGBBaYMYyrNdH9xgwBrC6OTGV0u_k48Em_xBv6mIss91m7hoUAyTiQaF-7J8ivjWXDS9CjBOhdbfLj8L6tBup2JzdQBB4xKafsjfSgXQSdfJXCjDrDUnrTEluRKpEkRK04-FpgyqFAbIuIneCv1hywLr3KI5OlQSQH48Y3msKoEFEEudlsgxyRPMwd3Q/w506-h640/Haym%20Salomon.jpg" width="506" /></a></div><br /><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Wikipedia commons<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="topic-paragraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> Polish-born
American businessman who was a principal financier of the </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/fledgling"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">fledgling</span></a></span><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> American republic and also a founder of the first
Philadelphia synagogue, Mikveh Israel.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="topic-paragraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In 1772, probably
because of his revolutionary activities for Polish liberty, Salomon fled
to </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/New-York-City"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">New York City</span></a></span><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">, where he established himself as a commission merchant<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="topic-paragraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> In
1776 the British, who controlled New York City, arrested Salomon; exposure
suffered in prison later contributed to his early death. He was paroled but was
arrested again in 1778 on more serious charges; he escaped and went to
Philadelphia. There he established a brokerage office and acted without salary
as the financial agent of the French, doing all in his power to </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/facilitate"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">facilitate</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> the </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Franco-American-Alliance"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Franco-American Alliance</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="topic-paragraph" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 5.0pt; margin-left: .5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Among
his many other contributions to the colonies, Salomon subscribed heavily to
government loans, </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/endorsed"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">endorsed</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> notes,
gave generously to soldiers, and equipped several military units with his own
money. </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Robert-Morris-American-statesman"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Robert Morris</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">, the
superintendent of </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/finance"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">finance</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> from 1781 to 1784, appointed Salomon as
broker to his office. Morris records in his diary that between 1781 and 1784
Salomon lent more than $200,000. According to some reports, the government owed
Salomon more than $600,000, though the exact amount is unknown. At the time of
his death in 1785, Salomon was penniless </span><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Haym-Salomon"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">https://www.britannica.com/biography/Haym-Salomon</span></a></span><span style="background: white; color: #202124; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="topic-paragraph" style="background: white; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #202124; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Statue in Chicago, of Washington, flanked by the financiers
of the Revolution, Morris on<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the left,
Salomon on the right.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="topic-paragraph" style="background: white; margin-top: 0in;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXc03zo--JLwGluz1-rttDKehzg_OSUijkzUano8PdlOIT8qZwEBvV9aCIV36TEanlkR1fvOr8FSlsNte1ivKTVJBLQtd5XIu111_tJX7U0Hp3C62vsNYe4athxSnzvQmbF1M2EE3QODsiWNvQB6KjsjUSerVXkN_KNdxLPwpVzrHkEcaqj1AWVPcu1A/s1337/Salomon-%20Wash-%20Morris.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1337" data-original-width="1003" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXc03zo--JLwGluz1-rttDKehzg_OSUijkzUano8PdlOIT8qZwEBvV9aCIV36TEanlkR1fvOr8FSlsNte1ivKTVJBLQtd5XIu111_tJX7U0Hp3C62vsNYe4athxSnzvQmbF1M2EE3QODsiWNvQB6KjsjUSerVXkN_KNdxLPwpVzrHkEcaqj1AWVPcu1A/w480-h640/Salomon-%20Wash-%20Morris.jpg" width="480" /></a></div><br /><span style="background: white; color: #202124; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span><p></p><p class="topic-paragraph" style="background: white; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="background: white; color: #202124; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Wikipedia
commons</span><span style="background: white; color: #202124; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="topic-paragraph" style="background: white; margin-top: 0in;"><span style="color: #1a1a1a; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span style="color: #0a2458; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">What about the man who shaped the American constitution and
gave birth to –a musical?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Did
the original Hamilton family look like this?<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN4BP7StbeIZiTzWzDgyh57NGprfnL6GfjJ_KmPPDdj8nR9iol__VHK8aZ2ERcpPQl8lG_C_lGweXw2dV6YhazLgyD00hVS9iIja2gGcMIvx27MkS4pQbfH1LZvVOGCj1BBiwfI72ppaV3N60GZYybCtYuVCUaOfqLnFoVfku_-MQnG1O8NIy9uLuq4g/s1800/Lin-Manuel_Miranda_in_Hamilton.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1800" data-original-width="1610" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgN4BP7StbeIZiTzWzDgyh57NGprfnL6GfjJ_KmPPDdj8nR9iol__VHK8aZ2ERcpPQl8lG_C_lGweXw2dV6YhazLgyD00hVS9iIja2gGcMIvx27MkS4pQbfH1LZvVOGCj1BBiwfI72ppaV3N60GZYybCtYuVCUaOfqLnFoVfku_-MQnG1O8NIy9uLuq4g/w572-h640/Lin-Manuel_Miranda_in_Hamilton.jpg" width="572" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Wikipedia</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Lin
Manuel Miranda as Hamiltion or<o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Or,
more probably like this: <o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></o:p></span></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpt0R_VBGdIgWFTJv2TEo2Td9Znqmrme3JotmuSDLjzeiA4uMAL_kRGq2HuD6ZVTxSJFKyGZVSQfeB68yDZxFfPIXJW0gC6M6aWuYVVd12CytTOz7MsUKGEn4xFKeXCHj_Wt244nhnZ6vxmC_-ER4VjPJlIGTwG5TpG01QZV7DDp_1JXBc9VG2XSr6Jw/s189/Fiddler.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="134" data-original-width="189" height="454" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpt0R_VBGdIgWFTJv2TEo2Td9Znqmrme3JotmuSDLjzeiA4uMAL_kRGq2HuD6ZVTxSJFKyGZVSQfeB68yDZxFfPIXJW0gC6M6aWuYVVd12CytTOz7MsUKGEn4xFKeXCHj_Wt244nhnZ6vxmC_-ER4VjPJlIGTwG5TpG01QZV7DDp_1JXBc9VG2XSr6Jw/w640-h454/Fiddler.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #1e2322; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Hamilton, generally considered a lifelong
Christian, may have been born and raised Jewish. It’s an argument made in a new
book “</span><a href="https://press.princeton.edu/books/hardcover/9780691211152/the-jewish-world-of-alexander-hamilton" target="_blank"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #ff4942; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">The Jewish World of Alexander Hamilton</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #1e2322; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;">” by
University of Oklahoma history professor </span><a href="https://www.andrewporwancher.com/" target="_blank"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; color: #ff4942; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0in; padding: 0in;">Andrew
Porwancher</span></a><span style="background: white; color: #1e2322; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;">.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><a href="https://www.jewishboston.com/read/does-alexander-hamilton-have-jewish-roots/"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">https://www.jewishboston.com/read/does-alexander-hamilton-have-jewish-roots/</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="background: white; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="background: white; color: #1e2322; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;"> He
researched Hamilton’s mother, who was born Rachel Faucette, married a man named
Johann Levine and took his surname. It’s a surname that appears in many
versions in historical texts, some of which were shared by Jews of the period….<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="background: white; color: #1e2322; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;">After
the Levines had a son, their marriage broke up. Rachel Levine later had two
more sons, including Alexander, out of wedlock with a Scottish man named James
Hamilton. She enrolled Alexander in a Jewish school on Nevis, which had a
significant Jewish population—about one-quarter of the free white population…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="background: white; color: #1e2322; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;"> Juxtapose
this relative indifference of Christianity with Hamilton’s emergence as a
strong defender of Jewish equality in the early years of the American republic,
[more] than any other Founding Father.”</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #1e2322; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;">The author's premise is that Rachel Faucette may have converted to Judaism when she married Levine, which would have made Hamilton Jewish through his mother !Maybe yes, maybe no, but it is plausible that
he had some strong Jewish influence that made him support and defend Jews at a
time when they were not accepted into early American society.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #1e2322; font-family: "Helvetica",sans-serif;">Which now begs the question_ what did it take
to guarantee our rights here?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Going back to our rights here:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #0a2458; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>It was South Carolina
that was the first colony back in 1669 to grant freedom of conscience to Jews
heathens and dissenters. This was the reasoning:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Article 87<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>stated: that
heathens, Jews, and other dissenters from the purity of Christian Religion may
not be Scared and kept at a distance from [knowledge of it, but, by having an
opportunity of acquainting themselves with the truth and reasonableness of its
Doctrines, and the peaceableness and inoffensiveness of its professors, may, by
good usage and persuasion, and all those convincing Methods of Gentleness and
meekness Suitable to the Rules and design of the Gospel, be won over to embrace
and unfeignedly receive the truth: Therefore, any Seven or more persons
agreeing in any Religion shall constitute a church or profession, to which they
shall give Some name to distinguish it from others. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">(</span><a href="https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3710&context=sclr"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3710&context=sclr</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Thomas
Jefferson believed that his claim to fame rested upon the statute of freedom of
religion of the state of Virginia, which he promulgated because he observed the
persecution of dissenting Christians from the official state religion ( the
Church of England.)<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><em><span style="background: white; color: #403c36; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“We the General Assembly of Virginia
do enact</span></em><span style="background: white; color: #403c36; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> [Be it
enacted by the General Assembly] that no man shall be compelled to frequent or
support any religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be
enforced, restrained, molested, or burthened in his body or goods, nor shall
otherwise suffer, on account of his religious opinions or belief; but that all
men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinions in
matters of religion, and that the same shall in no wise diminish, enlarge, or
affect their civil capacities.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="background: white; color: #403c36; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This state version formed the basis for the very first line
of the first amendment to the Constitution, 1788.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Congress shall make no law respecting
an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof;<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: .5in;"><span style="background: white; color: black; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">But did that
mean Jews? Jews, by historic memory, were very wary of their standing.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Thus, from the
head of the Jewish community of Newport, Rhode Island:to President Washington:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“Permit the children of the Stock of Abraham
to approach you with the most cordial affection and esteem for your person
& merits—and to join with our fellow Citizens in welcoming you to New Port.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">…<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“Deprived as we
heretofore have been of the invaluable rights of free Citizens, we now (with a
deep sense of gratitude to the Almighty disposer of all events) behold a
Government, erected by the Majesty of the People—<b>a Government, which to
bigotry gives no sanction, to persecution no assistance</b>—but generously
affording to All liberty of conscience, and immunities of Citizenship: deeming
every one, of whatever Nation, tongue, or language, equal parts of the great
governmental Machine….<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“..., we desire to
send up our thanks to the Antient of Days, the great preserver of Men—…, may
graciously conduct you through all the difficulties and dangers of this mortal
life: and, when like Joshua full of days and full of honour, you are gathered
to your Fathers, may you be admitted into the Heavenly Paradise to partake of
the water of life, and the tree of immortality” (DLC:GW).”</span><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 14.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><u><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The clincher
was Washington ‘s famous ,in response, echoing some of the wording:<o:p></o:p></span></u></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> It is now no
more that toleration is spoken of, as if it was by the indulgence of one class
of people, that another enjoyed the exercise of their inherent natural rights.
For happily the Government of the United States, <b>which gives to bigotry no
sanction, to persecution no assistance</b> requires only that they who live
under its protection should demean themselves as good citizens, in giving it on
all occasions their effectual support.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-indent: .25in;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">It would be
inconsistent with the frankness of my character not to avow that I am pleased
with your favorable opinion of my Administration, and fervent wishes for my
felicity. May the Children of the Stock of Abraham, who dwell in this land,
continue to merit and enjoy the good will of the other Inhabitants; while every
one shall sit in safety under his own vine and fig tree, and there shall be
none to make him afraid. May the father of all mercies scatter light and not
darkness in our paths and make us all in our several vocations useful here, and
in his own due time and way everlastingly happy.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="signed" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 16.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Go: Washington<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="signed" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="signed" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="color: black; mso-color-alt: windowtext;"><a href="https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-06-02-0135"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/05-06-02-0135</span></a></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 9.0pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p align="right" class="signed" style="background: white; margin-bottom: 3.0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 3.0pt; text-align: right;"><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Arial",sans-serif; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><o:p> Next: The Jews and the Shaping of the United States</o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><br /></p>Rabbi Dr. Norbert Weinberghttp://www.blogger.com/profile/07163232635982296541noreply@blogger.com0