Jewish Morocco -Then and Now
We got to the passport control in Morocco . The passport agents of this Muslim Arab country saw " Israel' on the passports of people in our group and said...
"Shalom, Berukhim habaim" in Hebrew, Shalom, and welcome!
For the video recording of the discussion ,follow the link:
https://youtu.be/Ixq5OcUMbaA
First, first, I want to prove
my credentials- that I was there in the Sahara:
Last time I rode a camel was
50 years ago in the Sinai. I will wait another 50 years before I try again. He
was the meanest one of the bunch(I held on; another traveler was thrown off!)
First and foremost, I have to
say that I have a great appreciation for the Moroccans that we met. Especially
for Americans—
On December 20, 1777, the
Kingdom of Morocco became the first country in the world to recognize United
States independence, only a year and a half after the U.S. Declaration of
Independence was issued... Morocco was the first Amazigh, Arab, African, Muslim
states to sign a treaty with America.
( Wikipedia)
The people were warm,
friendly, and peaceful, going out of their way to be helpful. We saw very
little police presence, except for traffic checks at the entrance to the main
cities, and even when we were walking in some of the poorest sections of
Casablanca, we felt secure ( no pickpocketing, such as I encountered in Italy).
It is listed as one of the safest countries, relatively stable,
well-developing, and fairly democratic.
Using garlic bulbs to balance scale
Someone’s
dinner for iftar
We went on public buses,
through upscale and low scale districts, and watched high school kids give up
their seats to the elderly, and help a blind woman get off the bus safely. Try
taking public transit now in LA under the same conditions.
Of course, it doesn’t hurt to see
the lives of the rich and famous also:
Courtyard inside the
moderately priced suite of Royal Mansour Hotel, only $5000 a night.Top suite is
$40 K.
It was Ramadan during most of
our trip, and I had read that as it draws towards a close, people tend to get anxious
and irritable. However, I saw none of that, and, I think the fact of the local
Muslims being in a kind of extended “ Yom Kippur” made them more thoughtful.
During the day, the streets
were relatively quiet-but after Sunset, after the Iftar meal, everything perked
up.
Here, in the large Mall in
Casablanca, life began at 10:30 pm , as the band led the crowd in: Aicha: Follow the link:
https://photos.google.com/share/AF1QipMgPC1v2vBTkZ9Zw5GDVkVFXE47d0D5xrD8yjGdN0Z0cRIu-0_GZetK9bdJmPeHcA/photo/AF1QipNMBhpn1JnRAsIqEoAe8S4WbISZFfMAHoVEyPSH
and our friends, Israelis, all
recognized it in its Hebrew version:Song Aicha
by Chaim Moshe
https://youtu.be/pkptnKA7AT8
[Fascinating, though, to discover that this song, in the original,was a collaboration between a Muslim , Khaled, and a Jew , Jean Jaques Goldman, and it became an international hit]
At the end, the Id al Fitr,
and the days of public holiday that followed, people were just in a plain good
mood.
So, we’ll take this popular melody as
our point of commonality. Morocco has managed to have relations with Israel,
even if behind the scenes, since 1948, and, officially, since 2020.
Israelis tourists and business people
have been going to Morocco so often, that ,it seems like everyone there speaks
Hebrew. Here’s a sales pitch for Moroccan Aragn oil:
https://photos.google.com/share/AF1QipMgPC1v2vBTkZ9Zw5GDVkVFXE47d0D5xrD8yjGdN0Z0cRIu-0_GZetK9bdJmPeHcA/photo/AF1QipMVbfWMP6lypY_6hZjmCOONuKiSYAV5SJ1S4Z4N
Probably more than any other
Arab state, Moroccans are keenly aware of a Jewish connection, and the
Holocaust has been taught in the school system since 2019, and school textbooks
teach a very favorable image of Jews:
[sourcce:https://www.adl.org/resources/blog/moroccan-textbooks-teach-appreciation-jewish-life-and-tolerance-kingdom]
… Morocco’s Ministry of
National Education and Vocational Training … the country’s elementary school
textbooks depict Jews as an integral part of Moroccan society whose heritage
and societal contributions are national assets. This poses a contrast to
textbooks in other countries in
the Middle East and North Africa, where
Jews are routinely demonized and positive descriptions of Jews are
scarce.
How deep does it really go?
At every point, our guide
emphasized the Berber /Amazigh connection to Jews, as well as his own Berber
roots. For reference, Berber, or ,as they prefer, Amazigh ( Free People) are
the indigenous people of North Africa, preceding the Arab conquest, and still
fighting to maintain a distinct language and identity:
Mourad El Bairi
Here’s his card, a great guide,I can’t praise him highly enough.
Our guide, Ali, who took us up the rocks to the waterfall at
Ourika, deep inside Berber Atlas Mountains, made the same point. ( Thank you,
Ali, for keeping me from falling off & breaking my head)
Where does this idea , of
Jewish roots, come from?
Excerpts from Andre N Chouraqui Between
East and West
( An impressive work- I had it with me
& gave my copy to our guide.[ Indentations followoing page numbers are quotes form the book.]
Pp 3-5
…frequently recurring legend that ascribes a Palestinian origin to the indigenous Berbers. The
Byzantine historian Procopius, … the Phoenicians, fleeing before Joshua, left
their Palestinian homeland and migrated across Egypt, spreading out as far as
the Pillars of Hercules.
… in his days the natives of North Africa spoke Punic(
Phonician), a language closely akin to Hebrew. ..a Punic inscription on two
stone columns at Tigisis: “It is we who have taken flight
before that bandit, Joshua son of Nun.” …persistence of this legend derives
from the profoundly Semitic character of North Africa during the nearly seven
centuries of Carthaginian domination.
… that the Berbers were of Canaanite origin, a theory
which was taken up by Moslem writers …. Ibn Khaldun, the ingenious Moslem historian, wrote: “The Berbers are the descendants of
Canaan, son of Ham, son of Noah. ... They received their Judaism from
their powerful neighbors, the Israelites of Syria.”
Josephus, however, went further, ascribing to the Berbers
a Semitic origin and tracing their descent from Midian, son of
Abraham by his second wife Keturah.
A talmudic text, which a Tosefta of the second century C.E. spoke of the migration to Africa of the Girgashites,
one of the seven nations dwelling in Canaan at the time of Joshua. “The
Girgashites departed (voluntarily from Palestine at the request of Joshua) and
for this reason they were given a fine land for their patrimony: Africa[refers to
North Africa- Carthage region)
Pp 8-9
.. the first communities of any importance date from
about the time of the destruction of the Temple in Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar
in 586 B.C.E. The second exile to Babylon was also accompanied by a westward
migration. The first Jewish settlers retained in their new
environment the use of their own language which their Punic neighbors
understood. The similarity in background made it easy for them to adapt to
their new home and find an atmosphere that was similar to the one they had been
forced to abandon.
[Note: Hannibal- Hani-Ba’al,( Chananyah) Hasdrubal Barca-Ezra-Ba’al Barak or Baruch,(
Azariah]
Jewish numbers grew at fall of Temple:
P11-12
It has been estimated that thirty thousand Jews were
deported to
Carthage by Titus and Josephus recorded the presence of
five hundred thousand Jews in Cyrenaica…. North Africa was at this time the
center of extensive conversion to Judaism.
Rebellion by Jews of Cyrenaica…The brutal repression of
118 C.E. marked the end of the development of Judaism in Cyrenaica. The
survivors fled westward into the Caesarean province and southward, crossing the
Sahara from oasis to oasis, eventually perhaps reaching as far as the Niger
River.
Jewish settlements spread westward
P 13
In Mauritania[ Roman colony, between Morocco and Algeria]
there were communities at Sitifis (Sétif), Auzia (Aumale), Tipasa, where the
Jews built a synagogue toward the middle of the fourth
century, Cherchel and Volubilis, the site of the oldest Jewish
inscription
so far discovered in North Africa…reads “Matrona,
daughter of Rabbi Yehuda, Rest [in Peace].”
What drew Berbers to Judasim?
P 21
The weapons were the concepts of monotheism, a moral code
and a liturgy inspired by the Bible. The Berbers, semitically
inclined through centuries of Carthaginian influence,
were only
too ready to abandon their idols and swell the ranks of
the Jewish
faithful, or at least of their sympathizers—those who
frequented
the synagogues and picked up ideas which they integrated
in some form or another into their pagan beliefs.
Tertullian,
in the third century, reported that the Berbers observed
the Sabbath, the Jewish festivals and fasts, and the
dietary laws.
This expansion of Judaism was stopped,
not by pagan Rome, but by Christian Rome—extreme measures to suppress Jews and
Jewish identity in those realms.
The Berbers resisted, in general,
against the Romans, and later, against the Arab conquerors. The heroine of this
resistance, was a “reputedly” Jewish Queen:
The legend of the Jewish warrior queen
Ibn Khaldun wrote that when the Arabs reached North
Africa, “a number of the
Berbers professed Judaism. Among the Jewish Berbers there
were the Jerawa, a tribe which inhabited the Aurès region and to which belonged
Kahena, ..
“Hassan… which was the most powerful chieftain in
Ifrikya. He was told of a woman who ruled the Berbers ,…Ka-hena. She dwelt, so
he was told, in the Aures mountains.This Jewish woman could foretell the future
and all that she predicted came to pass
without fail. If she were killed, Hassan was told, he would meet no further
resistance or rivalry. Hassan marched against her.”[ And lost ]
…. This victory made Kahena queen of the Maghreb; but her
kingdom lasted only five years.
[Note: Maghreb-West, as in Ma’arav,
Hebrew. Morocco is Maghreb al Aqsa- The farthest west
-it faces the Atlantic, not Mediterranean]
Was she really Jewish, or was she a mix
of Jewish , Christian and pagan-- it
hard to resolve, but from this point on, the bulk of Berber tribes accepted
Islam. However, as elsewhere there was a stubborn surviving remnant. DNA studies today show that the Jewish Berbers
of North Africa still show closer affinity to other Jews , whether Ashkenazai
or Mizrahi, than to their Berber neighbors
These are referred to, in Morocco, as “
Toshavim”,The Residents.
Excavating ancient Berber synagogue:
[Source https://www.timesofisrael.com/abraham-accords-allow-israelis-to-excavate-two-huge-genizas-found-in-rural-morocco/]
In use for centuries till abandoned in
1950’s mass emigration. Oufran, some remains dating to 3rd
century.
Here are classic images of Berber Jews
[Source: Public Domain, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=2418519 c1900]
Berber Jewish Woman-note use of facial tattoos
[ Source http://www.jewishideasdaily.com/4725/features/the-last-berber-jews/?print c 1930]
To these were added a growing wave of
Jews from Spain—some during the Almohades oppression ( such as the Rambam,
Maimonides,) others from the time of the Spanish expulsion and inquisition: the
“ Megurashim”, The Expelled Ones”. Jews also came here from Italy at the same
time.
Delacroix-Jewish Woman of Algiers [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne_Delacroix,_Jewish_Woman_of_Algiers_%28Juive_d%27Alger_et_une_rue_%C3%A0_Alger%29,_1838,_NGA_58071.jpg]
from DeLacroix Jewish Wedding in Morocco- [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Jewish_Wedding_%28Delacroix%29.jpg]
Notice that Delacroix used Jewish women,
because they were freer than their Muslim counterparts to go about unveiled. This
openness to the world for women shaped the nature of the Jewish ghetto- the
Mellah/M'lach (cognate to Hebrew, Melach,Salt, perhaps because of salt sellers area).
In the Moslem sections of the old
“Medina”, there are no windows to the outside-only to the inside courtyard. There
was only a lattice, high above street level, whereby a woman could peek through
to see who was at the door. The Jewish balconies were open wide, Jewish women
would stand on the balconies, and call out to their neighbors.
(In Israel, Jewish mother’s still shout
out to the kids down below form the balcony)
Together, Amazigh and Sephardi shaped
the Moroccan Jewish story.
Life under Islam was only comparatively
better than under Christianity, so that Jews were always in the status of
“dhimmi”, 2nd class, and sometimes, the object of actual physical
attacks. The status of Jews went up and down at the whim of the current ruler,
and they survived, primarily because they proved to be too valuable to Islamic
civilization—the craftsmen, the money lenders( as in Europe) and the merchants
capable of doing business in both Muslim and Christian lands, again, just as in
Christian Europe.
Europeans needed the Jewish connection
for trade with North Africa—
however, when the Europeans discovered
the world, and sailing both the Atlantic and the Pacific—the Middle East and
Morocco with it, became less important= and so did the Jews.
Nevertheless, when Islamic civilization
was at its heyday, Morocco was at the forefront of intellectual development:
The first University- founded by a woman-
to issue actual degrees for levels of study:
Al-Qarawiyyin ( from Kairouan,now
Tunisia )in Fes was founded as a mosque in 857 or 859
by Fatima
al-Fihri, beating Al Azhar in Cairo by a century, and Bologna
by 2 centuries! Ibn Khaldun, the medieval father of modern economics,
sociology, and historiography, spent time in Fes.
Entrance to Library: [ top line is Berber Tifinagh text]
In tandem, Morocco became a center for Jewish learning:
P 82-83
Rabbi Judah ibn Kuraish … and was
known as the “Father of Hebrew Grammar.” He developed a
new approach to the study of this subject through
comparison
with other Semitic languages
Rabbi Dunash ben Labrat, lived in Fez
from 920 to 990. … firmly
established the principle of triple-letter roots for
Hebrew verbs
to replace the two-letter theory.
… the symbol of Hebrew scholarship in North Africa was
undoubtedly Rabbi Isaac ben Jacob Alfassi (1013–1103), a native of Fez and a
graduate of
its Hebrew colleges. He drew up a compendium of the
Talmud
which was a synthesis of a thousand years of rabbinical
teaching. …
His work was
studied in Spain, in Provence, in the Rhineland, in Central Europe and in
Poland and is still taught in rabbinical schools the world over.
P 101
It was the rabbinical academies of Kairouan, Tunis,
Algiers,
Tlemcen and Fez, and the lesser schools that were founded
in
other centers throughout the Maghreb, that served as the
guardians
and propagators of learning and culture among North
African
Jewry. In them is to be found the inner power that
sustained
Judaism in the Maghreb through the long centuries of
oppression
and humiliation which followed.
Morocco became known as a place of major
Kabbalistic Rabbis, and their graves were pilgrimage sites for Muslims as well
as Jews, and even for some New Yok Hasidim who were on the plane with us.
The economic status of the Jews went
downhill , with many Jews reduced to dire poverty, restricted to the Melah.
Until the rediscovery of the value of North Africa to the newly powerful
European powers, who now could beat back the Ottomans as well as the Beys of
North Africa- and they discovered Jews, as much as the Jews discovered the
Europeans, and only as we begin modern times, does the condition of Jews
improve. Prior to World War II,
the Jewish population of Morocco reached 225,000.
However, as Jews entered the modern era,
and they were now identified with the French, there were outbreaks of violence and actual pogroms.
To the credit of King Mohammed V, he
protected the Jews against the Vichy French allies of Hitler:
. Morocco’s
King Mohammed V met with representatives from Nazi Germany and Vichy France during the Holocaust . The Moroccan King famously
stated, there are no Jewish citizens, there are no Muslims citizens, they are all Moroccans. [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jews-of-morocco]
Nevertheless, there were outbreaks of violence
against Jews, especially in 1948, and Jews began leaving. When Morocco became
fully independent from France,1956, the gates were closed shut on them, and
only in 1963, were the rest allowed to leave.
Today, there are only about 2500 Jews still
living in Morocco, while the bulk of the community is now in Israel, as well as
France and even here in LA, including members here at our synagogue. However,
the few that remained are very prominent, such as Andre Azoulay, advisor to the
king, and many Jews, especially Israelis, have significant business relations
with Morocco.
Enough said: Here is a visual tour
of some significant Jewish sites in Morocco:
Marakkech:
I found out why Crosby, Stills & Nash loved
the Marakkech Express ( we went by van)
Al Azama Synagogue ( The Exiles)
Classroom
Courtyard
Sign at entrance
“All will know,testify and report that there is
no Torah as the Torah from Marakkech
Street Sign: 1492- The Synagoue of the Exiled Ones. Talmud Torah Street #36.
El Azama Synagoue
Bab il Mlach- Gate of the Mlach ( Mellah)
Rabbi Bitoun synagogue balcony-facing the Sook-marketplace.
Open balconies in the Jewish quarter
Dar Ima ( Mom's House) Kosher Restaurant
Fes-
Typical Passageway inside the old city,
medina.
A reminder that Morocco is the
gateway between Africa and Europe for birds and people on the west, the land of
Israel in tandem, on the east.
Aben Danan Synagogue
The AlMemar- the Rabbi’s stand- a
uniquely Sephardic element
The Jewish Cemetery-list of great Rabbis
buried here since 1672
The grave of Solicha Hachouel. Jews call her Sol HaTzaddikah ("the
righteous Sol"), while Arabs call her Lalla Suleika or Lalla
Zoulikha ("holy lady Suleika").
According to The Jewish Encyclopedia Hachuel "was a martyr to her faith, preferring
death to becoming the bride of the sultan.
For more on Sol go to:
http://archive.diarna.org/site/detail/public/2387/
Since her execution, Soulika’s tale of martyrdom has been immortalized across Jewish, Arabic, and European traditions in the form of painting, film, literature, etc. While these accounts of her story vary in detail, the general narrative remains consistent: “She was a young Jewish woman who refused to give up her religion and, because of that refusal, was put to death.”
Alfred deHondencq depiction of the execution of Sol Hatzadika
Rabbi Yehudah ibn Atar
Essauoira( Mogodor) an ancient Jewish
trading outpost, now abandoned
A sign of old times- a wine celler
belonging to a Jewish merchant, now a restaurant ( building still owned by the
Jewish family)
Tribute to Moses Assayag for donating
the funds for the school
A mezuzah embedded in the stone wall
A street in the mlach
Jewish student school schedule
Report card!!
There is a Pinto Center, run by the
famous Rabbis descendants, here in Los Angeles, on Pico.
A well of water for blessings from the
Rabbi
The main synagogue of Casablanca, also Temple Bet El, still
in use, but very few local Jews were in actual attendance, mostly there were tourists like us.
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