The family traces its roots to the tribe of Judah through Obed ben Peretz, the
ancestor of King David. The name Ṣaliḥ (צאלח) was Hebraicized to Zadok ( צדוק
)when the family members made Aliyah in the 20th century. This is a direct
translation of the Arabic, which means Zadik, righteous, but was modified so
as not to sound arrogant.
Monday, August 5, 2024
Tuesday, July 2, 2024
Fourth of July 2024 and a Return to America’s Foundations
Fourth of July 2024 and a Return to America’s Foundations
This was an
exceptional nation!
Certainly, at
the beginning of our history, we were seen as such by not only ourselves, but
by foreign observers. This was a nation different, not because it was a
democracy (there had been others before) but because it differed greatly from
the commonly accepted concept of a
nation, an entity created by one king or emperor forcing other ethnic
groups by conquest into his domain, or an entity composed of people of some
common language, religion, blood and long standing history of a land. This would be a nation created out of a
common set of laws, by the people, for the people, of the people.
For us, as
Jews, this was an exceptional nation, as never before seen in history.
It would take
many years, tears and bloodshed to
enlarge this vision to erase the shame
of slavery and to include the descendants of the African slaves as well as the native American Indians. Germans, Irish,
Italians, Chinese, Japanese, Latin Americans, all seen in their day as aliens
who would never be absorbed, became part and parcel of the fabric of this
nation. It is a work in progress.
It should be
very disturbing to us, then, that for many young people today, they are being
told that Jews are legitimate targets to blame for a myriad of ills:
https://thefulcrum.us/bridging-common-ground/college-campus-protests-12389064
“A Columbia student and self-proclaimed leader of
the pro-Palestinian movement there, Khymani
James, was finally suspended for saying that “Zionists don’t deserve to live.”
“I think that taking someone’s life in certain
case scenarios is necessary and better for the overall world,” he said matter
of factly. “Be glad, be grateful that I’m not just going out and murdering
Zionists…. So yes, I feel
very comfortable calling for those people to die.” It only took four
months to suspend James — “temporarily” — after he posted the disgusting video
publicly.”
At George
Washington University protesters held signs advocating for a “FINAL SOLUTION” — a
grotesque callback to Hitler’s plan for exterminating Jews.
And on campuses all over the country protesters
have been spotted wearing Hamas
headbands, calling for “Intifada,” proudly flying Hezbollah
terror flags, and shouting “We
are Hamas!” and “Go back to Poland!”
In response to the violent attack on synagogue attendees at Adas Torah on Pico this past Sunday, one
videographer defended the attackers:
https://variety.com/2024/politics/news/jake-tapper-cnn-hollywood-synagogue-pro-palestine-protests-1236047856/
The story, a repost of a message written by Vishal P. Singh, a videographer
who works on Netflix documentaries, illustrates the stark difference in
perspectives on the Israel-Gaza conflict.
“Think about what happened
today in Los Angeles. A real estate event to sell stolen Palestinian land
cannot be protested or fascists will try to kill you,” Singh wrote. “LAPD threatening to execute
pro-Palestine protestors at gun point. Zionists getting away with
terrorist violence with impunity. We are in a cold civil war that is heating up rapidly. Prepare
accordingly. Take a stop the bleed class. Learn how to use weapons safely. Save up for bullet proof
armor. The genocide is not far away. It’s here. The heart of the empire is
here. It’s our duty to fight and stop it by any means necessary.”
CAIR, which is supposed to combat Islamophobia, defended the
attack:
Hussam Ayloush, director of the
Los Angeles office of the Council on American-Islamic Relations, defended the
protest, which was organized by the Palestinian Youth Movement. “The
demonstration in front of the Adas Torah synagogue over the weekend was in response
to the blatant violations of both international law and human rights from [real
estate] agencies that seek to make a profit selling brutally stolen Palestinian
land as the Israeli government continues its eight-month-long genocidal
campaign and ethnic cleansing in Gaza,” he said.
Both groups were promoting a lie. The Real Estate event
advertising said nothing about real estate on stolen land. Except that for CAIR, Code
Pink, and all the other groups involved, the very existence of Israel is on
stolen land, and Israel must be destroyed, its Jews sent back to Poland!
We can’t even defend ourselves in the public forum: https://www.cnn.com/2024/06/19/media/wikipedia-adl/index.html
Wikipedia’s editors declared that the Anti-Defamation
League cannot be trusted to give reliable information on the Israel-Palestine
conflict, and they overwhelmingly said the ADL is an unreliable source on antisemitism. It’s a
stunning rebuke to one of the world’s preeminent authorities on anti-Jewish
hate and a significant advocate for the rights and causes of American Jews.
The editors, a group of volunteer moderators for one
of the world’s most popular information websites, voted last week to label the ADL as a “generally unreliable” source on the Israel-Palestine conflict. That means that
the ADL should usually not be cited in Wikipedia articles on that topic except
for extraordinary circumstances. Other generally unreliable sources, according
to Wikipedia editors, include Russian state media, Fox News’ political coverage
and Amazon reviews.
That the head, Jonathan Greenblat, was a special
assistant to President Obama does not make him Kosher enough for the geniuses
at Wikipedia. Wikipedia is repeating Stalin’s historic erasure of people standing next to him
on official photographs!
NO MORE DONATIONS ON THE DONATE
BUTTON!
It is exceptionally bitter for us, as Jews, because America’s
Muslims, just as with any other religious minority, have civil rights that were
earned by Jews who struggled to demand it from the time of the first colonies!
So, On this
Fourth of July, I want to get back to the spirit of this country that shaped
the world’s ideals of freedom and democracy.
Here are some select readings to motivate you this 4th:
George
Washington wrote these words to the Jewish community of Newport, Rhode Island
in 1790, when Freedom of Religion was still a new concept entered into the Constitution:
It is now
no more that toleration is spoken of as if it were the indulgence of one class
of people that another enjoyed the exercise of their inherent natural rights,
for, happily, the Government of the United States, which gives to bigotry no
sanction, to persecution no assistance, requires only that they who live under
its protection should demean themselves as good citizens in giving it on all
occasions their effectual support.
May the
children of the stock of Abraham who dwell in this land continue to merit and
enjoy the good will of the other inhabitants—while everyone shall sit in safety
under his own vine and fig tree and there shall be none to make him afraid.
May the
father of all mercies scatter light, and not darkness, upon our paths, and make
us all in our several vocations useful here, and in His own due time and way
everlastingly happy.
— G.
Washington
It still
took decades of struggle to guarantee Jews the right to sit in government
positions and be protected against executive orders that singled us out.
(Amerika du hast es besser)
America, you
are better off
Than our ancient continent.
You have no tumbledown castles
And no basalt deposits.
Your inner lives are not disturbed by
Useless memories and vain strife.
Use your time with confidence!
And if your children write poetry,
May a kindly fate guard them from writing
Stories of knights, robbers and ghosts.
A century later and Europe would be torn apart
in two world wars inspired by ancient myths of knights, robbers and ghosts. Are
we now being contaminated by people bringing their robbers and ghosts into
American civil society?
What makes a nation’s pillars high
And its foundations strong?
What makes it mighty to defy
The foes that round it throng?
It is not gold. Its kingdoms grand
Go down in battle shock;
Its shafts are laid on sinking sand,
Not on abiding rock.
Is it the sword? Ask the red dust
Of empires passed away;
The blood has turned their stones to rust,
Their glory to decay.
And is it pride? Ah, that bright crown
Has seemed to nations sweet;
But God has struck its luster down
In ashes at his feet.
Not gold but only men can make
A people great and strong;
Men who for truth and honor’s sake
Stand fast and suffer long.
Brave men who work while others sleep,
Who dare while others fly...
They build a nation’s pillars deep And
lift them to the sky.
Are we still a
nation of brave innovators who dare to fly?
*****************************
I Hear America
Singing Walt Whitman, Leaves of Grass
1867
I hear America
singing, the varied carols I hear;
Those of mechanics—each one singing his, as it should be, blithe and strong;
The carpenter singing his, as he measures his plank or beam,
The mason singing his, as he makes ready for work, or leaves off work;
The boatman singing what belongs to him in his boat—the deckhand singing on the
steamboat deck;
The shoemaker singing as he sits on his bench—the hatter singing as he stands;
The wood-cutter’s song—the ploughboy’s, on his way in the morning, or at the
noon intermission, or at sundown;
The delicious singing of the mother—or of the young wife at work—or of the girl
sewing or washing—
Each singing what belongs to her, and to none else;
The day what belongs to the day—
At night, the party of young fellows, robust, friendly,
Singing, with open mouths, their strong melodious songs.
Only a few
years after the terrible and bloody Civil War tore this nation apart, Walt
Whitman could dream of a nation varied and at singing each his or her own song.
Are we now teaching our youth that the system is out to oppress them? Can we
still give voice to that hope and expectation?
Rev Dr. Martin Luther
King Jr. I Have a Dream 1963
I have a dream
that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its
creed: "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created
equal." . . .
I have
a dream today! . . .
I have a dream
that one day every valley shall be exalted, and every hill and mountain shall
be made low, the rough places will be made plain, and the crooked places will
be made straight; "and the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all
flesh shall see it together."2
This is our
hope, and this is the faith that I go back to the South with.
With this
faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope.
With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our
nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith, we will be
able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail
together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one
day.
And this will
be the day -- this will be the day when all of God's children will be able to
sing with new meaning:
My country 'tis
of thee, sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing.
Land where my
fathers died, land of the Pilgrim's pride,
From every
mountainside, let freedom ring!
And if America
is to be a great nation, this must become true.
And so let
freedom ring from the prodigious hilltops of New Hampshire.
Let freedom
ring from the mighty mountains of New York.
Let freedom
ring from the heightening Alleghenies of Pennsylvania.
Let freedom
ring from the snow-capped Rockies of Colorado.
Let freedom
ring from the curvaceous slopes of California.
But not only
that:
Let freedom
ring from Stone Mountain of Georgia.
Let freedom
ring from Lookout Mountain of Tennessee.
Let freedom
ring from every hill and molehill of Mississippi.
From every
mountainside, let freedom ring.
And when this
happens, and when we allow freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village
and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up
that day when all of God's children, black men and white men, Jews
and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in
the words of the old Negro spiritual:
Free
at last! Free at last!
Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!
No need to say
more than, “Amen.”
Tuesday, June 25, 2024
On Lashon Hara and the Surgeon General’s Warning
On Lashon Hara
and the Surgeon General’s Warning
I think every
parent was a little relieved to hear the surgeon general of the United States
recommend that a warning label be posted on social media. Just like we have
warning labels on cigarettes and warning labels on alcohol ads, we need warning
labels for parents to know that they should keep their kids off social media as
much as they can.
We see it as a
plague on youngsters today. Easy access to social media has led to on line bullying and shaming. Even in supposedly solid Beverly Hills, a Middle
School a student shared a photo-shopped image of a classmate in a very
compromising position that had never happened, and the damage was done.
So I can
envision a whole series of warning labels coming out now:
. (Wikimedia commons).
Yes get rid of
these nonsensical video shorts which are the only way our young people are
getting the news now.
I saw someone
beat me to the punch with Tik Tok, so I decided to get creative:
Yes, Instagram-
images of whatever that no one wants to see.
The other major source of , I can’t believe it,
official government notifications, all reduced to 280 characters!?
So, let’s see
how far back our Jewish tradition has dealt with such loose bombardment of truths,and more often,
half-truths, worse than outright lies.
I can claim
that the origin of the “ Tweet” is Biblical: Eccelsiastes 10:20:
גַּ֣ם בְּמַדָּֽעֲךָ֗ מֶ֚לֶךְ אַל־תְּקַלֵּ֔ל וּבְחַדְרֵי֙
מִשְׁכָּ֣בְךָ֔ אַל־תְּקַלֵּ֖ל עָשִׁ֑יר כִּ֣י ע֤וֹף הַשָּׁמַ֙יִם֙ יוֹלִ֣יךְ
אֶת־הַקּ֔וֹל וּבַ֥עַל (הכנפים) [כְּנָפַ֖יִם] יַגֵּ֥יד דָּבָֽר׃
Don’t revile a king even among your intimates.
Don’t revile a rich man even in your bedchamber;
For a bird of the air may
carry the utterance,
And a winged creature may report the word.
There you
go—the first instance of Twitter in history. Maybe that’s why Musk preferred
“X”.
Of course, it
is clear, that the danger from loose
talk, ill talk of others, is not a Jewish or modern problem. You all had to learn
Othello at some point, and there is that famous line, by Iago:
“ Who steals my purse steals trash; 'tis something, nothing;
'Twas mine, 'tis his, and has been slave to thousands: But he that filches from
me my good name Robs me of that which not enriches him And makes me poor
indeed.”
Iago, the
master villain, who kills by destroying the good people by slander, is the one
who teaches us the virtue of a Good Name.!
The very end of
our Torah portion this week, Behaalotekha, as interpreted by our sages, brings
us to this very topic.
Story of
Miriam-Numbers 12,
Miriam and
Aaron spoke against [Note: “Against” is an
interpretation, not a literal translation] Moses because of the Cushite woman
he had taken: “He took a Cushite woman!”
They said, “Has
יהוה spoken only through Moses? Has [God] not
spoken through us as well?” יהוה heard it.
We note that
Miriam here is taking the lead, not Aaron, who we know is not the confrontationist.
Moses is meek,
so God rises to his defense, and Miriam is struck with leprosy.
We understand, from Rabbinic interpretations,
that leprosy is punishment for “ Meztora”-“ Motzi Shem Ra”, speaking evil about
someone. In this same vein, the Rabbis understand, in our next portion, that the
twelve spies bad mouth the land of
Israel. That’s what we call “ Lashon Hara”, Bad Language.
Here are some
of our sources, which the Surgeon General is free to borrow for his
warning label:
Lo telech rachil
be amcha--Lev 19:16
Thou shalt not
go up and down as a talebearer among thy people. Rachil-rechilut-gossip. Just as a peddlar ( Rochel) peddles his wares from
one to another, so the slander “ goes peddling” his merchandise of slander. Or,
as Rashi explains- Rachil is from spying
(Meragel) upon one’s neighbor to find a flaw.
We have another
perspective, from the Talmud, about the dangers of “ loose lips”.
(Arakhin 15b:22
) On the phrase” Be-Yad Halashon”- In the power of the word, but literally,
“in the hand of the tongue”.
The danger of
bearing evil news, even if true, with ill intention, is derived from the story
of Saul who destroys the entire city of Nob, because the inhabitants had given
shelter to David, his enemy:
The discussion
refers to a phrase “ Triple”, like a Triad or a Three-some, in regards to
tale-bearing:
Jerusalem
Talmud Peah 1:1:47
Why is it called “triple?” Because it kills three: The one who says
it, the one who accepts it, and the one calumniated. And in the days of Saul,
four were killed: Doeg who said it [he reported that the priests at Nob
protected David] , Saul who accepted it [ and executed the people as a result
and eventually died himself], Aḥimelekh who was calumniated[ the priest who
sheltered David and was killed], and Abner. Why was Abner killed? …The rabbis
say, because he did not let Shaul make peace with David. [In other words, he
could have ended Saul’s enmity and prevented the greater tragedy.] But some
say, because he had it in his power to intervene for Nob, the city of priests,
and he did not intervene.”
Is it then any
wonder that three times a day, we add in our Amidah prayer:…
אֱלֹהַי נְצוֹר לְשׁוֹנִי מֵרָע וּשְׂפָתַי מִדַּבֵּר מִרְמָה.
My God, guard my tongue from evil and my lips from speaking
deceitfully.
This is a phrase taken directly from Psalms:34:14
Which raises
the question, How do we gain life?
מִֽי־הָ֭אִישׁ הֶחָפֵ֣ץ חַיִּ֑ים אֹהֵ֥ב יָ֝מִ֗ים לִרְא֥וֹת טֽוֹב׃
Who is the man who is eager for life,
who desires years of good fortune?
And the answer
is:
נְצֹ֣ר לְשׁוֹנְךָ֣ מֵרָ֑ע וּ֝שְׂפָתֶ֗יךָ מִדַּבֵּ֥ר מִרְמָֽה׃
Guard your tongue from evil,
your lips from deceitful speech.
For your inspiration, I am putting here a very
popular rendition of this Psalm:
https://youtu.be/3YH4W5j1icM?si=atBhvIcvKdMteiie
This leads me to one of the great Sages of modern
Jewish teachings, the Rabbi who adopted these verses as the title of his book,
and in turn became known by that title:
The Sefer Chofetz Chaim is a book
by Rabbi Yisrael Meir Kagan, who is also called "the Chofetz Chaim" after it. The
book deals with the Jewish laws of speech.
Yisrael Meir
ha-Kohen Kagan (January 26, 1838 – September 15, 1933) was an
influential Lithuanian Jewish rabbi, Halakhist, posek, and ethicist whose works continue to be
widely influential in Orthodox Jewish life.
By all
accounts, he was a modest and humble man, faithfully devoted to his Jewish
faith. For a while, he had a shop selling household provisions, which he and
his wife managed.
During his
lifetime, Kagan was venerated by Jews and non-Jews alike.
So, I have put
here a sampler of his words of advice:
Silverstein translation http://www.sefaria.org/shraga-silverstein
Selected items:
…And if we carefully searched our ways — which of the sins have
primarily caused the length of our exile? — we would find them to be many; but
the sin of lashon hara above all, for several reasons. First, for it was the
major cause of our exile …. This being so, as long as we do not undertake to
correct this sin, how can there be a redemption, the sin being so severe as to
have caused us to be exiled from our land!
Introduction to
the Laws of the Prohibition of Lashon Hara and Rechilut
Negative Commandments
One who bears tales against his friend transgresses a negative
commandment, viz. (Vayikra 19:16): "Do not go talebearing among your
people." What is talebearing? "Loading oneself" with words and
going from one to another, saying: "This is what ploni [so and so] said
about you"; "This and this is what I heard ploni did to you." …
And there is a sin much greater than this — lashon hara, which is included in
this negative commandment. And that is speaking disparagingly of one's friend,
even if what is said is true. But one who speaks falsely [about his friend] is
referred to as a "motzi shem ra" [one who spreads an evil report].
[ Don’t post it
on Facebook or Instagram or Tik Tok in the first place]
And the speaker or the receiver [of lashon hara] also transgresses
(Shemoth 23:1): "Do not receive [tissa] a false report," which can
also be read as: "Do not spread [tassi] a false report," so that this
negative commandment includes both [the speaker and the receiver].
[Don’t open the
post you got, and if you do get one, don’t retweet or repost or click “like”]
*****
Positive
Commandments
And he [the speaker of lashon hara] also transgresses (Vayikra
19:18): "And you shall love your neighbor as yourself," whereby we
have been commanded to be as solicitous for our friend's money as we are for
our own, and to be solicitous of his honor, and to speak in his praise, as we
are solicitous for our own honor.
And if through his lashon hara or rechiluth he lowers his friend so
that he loses his livelihood as a result, as when through evil-heartedness he
publicizes his friend as being dishonest, or, if he is a worker, as being unfit
for his work, or the like, he also transgresses (Vayikra 25:35): "And if
your brother grows poor and his hand falls with you, then you shall uphold him
[even if he be], proselyte or sojourner; and he shall live with you." And
(Ibid 16): "And your brother shall live with you,"…. How much more so
are we commanded not to cause him to lose his livelihood!
[Remember, it
all shows up when the boss interviews your neighbor for a job!]
******
Seif 5
There is no difference in the issur of speaking [lashon hara], as
to whether one speaks it of his own volition or whether his friend stands over
him and begs him to tell him — in either case, it is forbidden. And even if his
father or his Rabbi — whom he is obligated to honor and to fear and not to
contradict their words — even if they importune him to speak of a certain
thing, and he knows that in the midst of the account he will perforce come to
speak lashon hara or even only the "dust" of lashon hara, he is
forbidden to consent.
This issur of
lashon hara obtains whether it is actually spoken by mouth or stated in a
letter [ That would include a false Tweet!] . There is also no difference whether he
speaks it explicitly or by sign.[ No Emogis and GIFs!] In all modes, it is in
the category of lashon hara.
Seif 9
And know also that even if in demeaning his friend he demeaned
himself with the very same slur — even if he began by railing thus against
himself, he has nevertheless not left the ranks of the slanderers.
Seif 8
There is no difference in the language of the exhortation, whether
he exhorted them not to mention the subject at all anymore, or whether he said
to them, "Let none of this be made known by you" — in all modes, it
is forbidden to reveal the demeaning of another, even to a different person;
how much more so to the person demeaned himself. For if it is revealed to
another, in the end it will become known to all, and even to him [the person
demeaned] through the channels of "Your friend has a friend, etc."
And, therefore, one must take great heed, even if a man is known to
have had a certain fault in his youth, but from then until now he has been
conducting himself correctly; or if it is known about his forbears that they
did not conduct themselves correctly at all, but he does not hold on to their
ways, and all such things, where, in truth, he is not open to aspersion, it is
forbidden to demean him or to shame him before his friends because of this
[early fault]. [ Don’t go searching on Google for someone’s dirty past!]
Seif 12
That is, when someone lectures in the house of
study it is forbidden according to the din to mock him and to say that there is
nothing to his lectures and there is nothing to hear. And in our many sins we
see many people to be remiss in this, not considering this mockery as an issur
at all. But according to the din it is absolute lashon hara. For through such
speech it often happens that he causes monetary loss to his friend, and,
sometimes, pain and shame, too
[ Don’t knock your professor-or the Rabbi-no
matter how boring the lecture is!]
Seif 13
If one revealed
to his friend, in the presence of three, details of his occupation or trade or
the like, things which, in general, are otherwise forbidden to repeat
afterwards to another, lest this result in injury or pain to him — now, since
he himself revealed it in the presence of three, it is evident that this is of
no concern to him, even if it comes to be known in the end. Therefore, the one
who hears it from him is permitted ab initio to reveal it to others, so long as
he [the teller] does not make it clear that he is opposed to his doing so. [ In
today’s terms, if you were not made to sign an NDA-non-disclosure agreement,
you may share trade secrets, as they are
no longer secret].
*********
If one wishes
to bring his friend into his affairs, such as to hire him for his work or to go
into partnership with him or to make a match with him, and the like, even if
until now he has heard nothing negative about him, still, it is permitted to
make inquiries of people as to his character and his dealings. Even though they
may tell him something negative about him, still it is permitted, since his
intent is for his own good alone, so that he will not come afterwards to injury
or to strife or to contention and desecration of the Name, G–d forbid. But it
appears to me that he must apprise the one he is making inquiry of, that he
wishes to make a match with him [the one he is inquiring about] or enter some
kind of partnership, as mentioned above. [ Therefore, I may do a background
check on a job applicant, as long as that is
known and agreed to. This is a legitimate action for self-protection.]
*****************
And know that
just as it is forbidden to slander one's friend, so is it forbidden to
"slander" his possessions (see Rabbeinu Eliezer Mimitz in Sefer
Yere'im). And it is very common, in our many sins, that one shopkeeper slanders
the wares of another (and so, in other instances of the same kind), out of
envy. And this is absolute lashon hara according to the Torah. [ A form of
truth in advertising]
So, you now have
the warning label on your smartphone or computer- from the Surgeon General, and
Rabbi Weinberg, to the great ethical authority, the Chofetz Chayim. You can
also throw away your newspaper Tabloids, and have a much better life!
Monday, June 17, 2024
Our Oldest Fragment of the Bible and What It Tells Us About Hebrew
Our oldest fragment of the Bible and what it
tells us about Hebrew
The Shabbat of the portion Naso- Numbers
The blessing of the priests, which we use in
the Cantor’s repetition of the Amidah and also by parents for children is in
this portion.
Beautiful structure pyramid style 3 words 5
words and seven words
|
כד יְבָרֶכְךָ יְהוָה,
וְיִשְׁמְרֶךָ. {ס} |
|
כה יָאֵר יְהוָה פָּנָיו
אֵלֶיךָ, וִיחֻנֶּךָּ. {ס} |
|
כו יִשָּׂא יְהוָה
פָּנָיו אֵלֶיךָ, וְיָשֵׂם לְךָ שָׁלוֹם. {ס} |
Repetitive rhythm. If any of you have had the
chance to watch the Cohanim reenact the Dukhanan service, and it's done well, it
can be very inspiring.
It's especially instructive because it comes
right after a very disturbing elements for us, which is the portion of the
jealous husband. It follows a listing of specific families among the Levites , their
jobs, and then shifts to the law of
lepers, and then it goes to the question
of trespasses of human beings one against the other in business , so see a flow
from issues of ritual impurity, to impurity of crimes between fellow and fellow,
and then to the impurity that is caused when there's a crime between a husband
and wife , when the husband is jealous of the wife.
The name of God is written on a scroll, is
stirred into water the wife drinks, and if she is innocent, nothing happens to
her and they live happily. If she is guilty, then her body is bloated and
distended, and woe to her—she is cursed
but note, she is not killed or beaten to death,
as is done in the middle east even into modern times.
The units goes one to deal with a man or woman who takes a vow to abstain from wine
in particular, the Nazir. Again, a discussion of defilement, as the Nazir may
not be in contact with the dead—again , an impurity that upsets or creates a
barrier.
In all of these, then, the proper order of the
world is upset, and it must be cleansed away. Therefore, the placing of the
blessing of the priests, to provide blessing and peace, undoing the rupture
that can take place between the Israelite and fellow human, male female, or
human to God.
Now, it takes me to my main point—about the
blessing of the priests and the antiquity or origins of ourselves, as Jews. And
then, some surprising asides.
*******************
How far back can we really trace ourselves? How
far back can we really find evidence of the Bible ?
We don't have any complete existing manuscripts
of the Bible, with the full punctuation of the Masoretic scholars, that go back more than about 1000 years. There
is the Leningrad Codex , on which most printed versions are based,and another
one the Aleppo . Then in Bologna, Italy, researchers discovered the oldest
complete Torah scroll, matching our texts. Before that, we have fragments or
partial scrolls of different Bible texts, as in the Cairo Genizah, perhaps as
far back as 1500 years ago, the Dead Sea Scrolls, that can go back about 2000 years ago.
Keep in mind, that it doesn’t mean that old
manuscripts didn’t exist- it is rather, that the earliest manuscripts
disappeared with the ravages of time, and the texts were then copied anew by
scribes, or, perhaps going further back, committed to memory.
Of course, we also have evidence from outside,
such as Septuagint, the translation into Greek commissioned by the Ptolemies of
Egypt, not long after the time of
Alexander. Here too, are fragments, in Greek, that are older that the Hebrew
texts, but they serve as proof that the Hebrew original had been very well
known and authoritative, long ago, albeit with some significant variations.
For all
our gripes about the historic Christian Church and theological anti-Judaism, we
owe it to the early Church founders for preserving, at least in various
translations, our Bible texts, as well as many other texts that we ignored,
such as the Macabbees.
So let's look at what we have going back to my
opening.
That's why this blessing of the priest is so
beautiful for us because of the Torah text this is exactly the oldest one that
we have.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketef_Hinnom_scrolls
Ketef Hinnom scrolls
The two silver scrolls were uncovered in 1979 at Ketef Hinnom, an archaeological site southwest of
the Old City of
Jerusalem, and were found
to contain a variation of the Priestly Blessing, found in Numbers 6:24–26. The
scrolls were dated paleographically to the late 7th or early 6th century BCE,
placing them in the First Temple period.[5]
Discovered by a
13 year old volunteer!
It's ironic that this is found in what is
called Ketef Hinnom, Corner of Hinnom.
That is because Hinnom becomes the basis for
the word Gehenna, taken from “ Gei Ben Hinnom”, the valley of the Hinnom family
, the Jewish hell. To make a long story short, it seems to have been the place
where children were sacrificed, a practice common among the Phoenicians/Canaanites
and their colonies across North Africa. Hence,
it is appropriate that in a place associated in the Bible with the worst human
evil, in this same place, we have the oldest
piece of the Torah, a piece this
is now tells a story of love in the form of God's blessing.
·
1. -h/hu. May be blessed h/sh-
2. -[e] by YHW[H,]
3. the warrior/helper and
4. the rebuker of
5.
[E]vil: May bless
you,
6.
YHWH,
7.
keep you.
8.
Make shine, YH-
9.
-[W]H, His face
10. [upon]
you and g-
11. -rant
you p-
12. -[ea]ce.
Scroll KH1
The scroll KH1 measures 27 by 97 millimetres (1.06 in
× 3.82 in).
·
[Top line(s) broken]
1. ...] YHWH ...
2. [...]
3. the grea[t ... who keeps]
4. the covenant and
5. [G]raciousness towards those who love
[him] and (alt: [hi]m;)
6. those who keep [his commandments ...
7. ...].
8. the Eternal? [...].
9. [the?] blessing more than any
10. [sna]re and more than Evil.
11. For redemption is in him.
12. For YHWH
13. is our restorer [and]
14. rock. May YHWH bles[s]
15. you
and
16. [may
he] keep you.
17. [May]
YHWH make
18. [his
face] shine ...
·
[Bottom line(s) broken.]
Of course, these
scrolls are almost impossible to read!
1)
Severely torn and fragmented, as you can see,
so there is much of “ creative reading”
2)
The script is ancient, or paleo-Hebrew, not at
all looking like our print, though there may be a semblance to our script
Hebrew.
**********************
Which leads me
to my third direction- from whence our Hebrew? How come the Torah text doesn’t
look at all like the text here?
So, for this, we
have to go to the Sinai desert, where we discover the very first writings in
what can be called the first experiment in creating an alphabet== or an
alef-bet. In other words, a system in which symbols represent individual sounds
that make up words, rather than pictures to indicate words and sounds that are
then combined to create more or newer words. The Egyptian Heiroglyphs- about
1000 signs, Mesopotamian Cuneiform- also about 1000 signs, Chinese, as many as
10,000 or more. This means that only the highly educated could master and
utilize it. So-
We get to the
Sinai, where the people working the mines there were tired of trying to master
all these signs just to tell the boss they needed another shovel. So we get:
The Proto-Sinaitic script is a Middle Bronze
Age writing system known from a small corpus of about 30-40 inscriptions and fragments
from Serabit el-Khadim in the Sinai Peninsula,
as well as two inscriptions from Wadi el-Hol in Middle Egypt.[2][3][4][5] Together
with about 20 known Proto-Canaanite inscriptions,[6] it
is also known as Early Alphabetic,[7] i.e.
the earliest trace of alphabetic writing and
the common ancestor of both the Ancient South Arabian script and
the Phoenician alphabet,[8] which
led to many modern alphabets including the Greek
alphabet.[9] According
to common theory, Canaanites or Hyksos who
spoke a Canaanite language[10] repurposed
Egyptian hieroglyphs to
construct a different script.[11]
PS Where it
mentions “ South Arabian”= that is not an ancestor of the Arabic alphabet—that
arose almost 2000 years later, after the formation of the Hebrew alphabet and Aramaic
alphabets.
So who is
scribbling away in those caves?
Many of the workers and officials were
from the Nile
Delta, and included large numbers of Canaanites
(i.e. speakers of an early form of Northwest Semitic ancestral to the Canaanite languages of the Late Bronze Age) who had been allowed to settle
the eastern Delta.[20]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script
Who are those “ Northwest semitic
speakers”? Ancestors of the Hebrews and other related tribes that had been
going back and forth Canaan to Egypt, as we have in the descriptions of Abraham
and Jacobs son going down to Egypt.
They took what had been developing in Egypt to add specific
sounds, and threw out the pictographs
and the words and syllables that went with them. 24 consonants, no vowels needed, and anyone
could learn to read and write!
https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19299-revisiting-proto-sinaitic.pdf.
We
start with the image for OX, which still looks like an ox head, simplify it ,
then give it a value as place holder for sounds,name the sound for the image,
alef, for the head of cattle. By the time it gets to Phoenicia, hundreds of
miles to the north, it is made clean and simple,an ox head,lying on its side.The
ancient Greeks flipped it upside down—A. Ashkenazi Hebrew script kept it in its
side,but moved the horns over, away from the head.
From this to Phoenician, Canaanite, Hebrew, to
Greek and Latin, hence to all European languages, and Aramaic and hence, Arabic, and even Sanskrit
of India. The scribbles of the mine workers has become the alphabet of note
of the entire world.
*********
So, we ask the question- how come we can’t read
it?
The Evolution of Two Hebrew Scripts
Paleo-Hebrew or Phoenician script was used before
Aramaic script was introduced by Jews returning from Babylonia.
Until the First Temple was destroyed by the Babylonians in 586 B.C. the
paleo-Hebrew script was the only alphabet used by the Israelites. After the
Babylonian destruction, Judean leaders and the important people of the country
were deported to Babylon. Fifty years later, Cyrus, King of Persia, who fell
heir to the Babylonian empire, declared that the Judean exiles could return to
their land and rebuild their temple in Jerusalem. According to the Bible,
42,000 Judeans chose to return (Nehemiah 7:66).
They brought back with them a new language—Aramaic—and a new script—the
square Aramaic script—both of which were in common use in the Persian Empire.
Ultimately, the Aramaic script replaced the older paleo-Hebrew script, but for
hundreds of years the two scripts were used simultaneously by the Jews.
The square Aramaic script
which the Jews brought back with them from the Babylonian exile also derives
from the original proto-Canaanite alphabet, but via an entirely different
route, which accounts both for the similarities and the marked differences.
Initially, the Aramaic
language and script were reserved for official correspondence with the Persian
government. …
Thus, by Alexander the
Great’s time, we find two languages (Hebrew and Aramaic) and two scripts
(paleo-Hebrew and square) being used simultaneously by the Jews.
But by the first century
A.D. the Aramaic script had become predominant.
Mixed script, our Aramaic “ Ktav Ashuri”, Assyrian, with God’s name in
the original Hebrew script.
The final triumph of the
square Aramaic script occurred after the Bar Kochba or Second Jewish Revolt
(132–135 A.D.).
Jews adopted the new square
script, especially for our Torah scrolls, while our cousins to the north, the
Samaritans, retained the older Hebrew script for their scrolls.
A Samaritan Torah scroll
A Polish scroll,
Ashkenazic script, 20 th century, in our ark.
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